Autoimmune complications of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy: Clinical insights, mechanisms, and future perspectives.

The tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have emerged as a promising class of novel anticancer drugs, achieving significant success in clinical applications. However, the risk of autoimmune diseases associated with these drugs has raised widespread concerns. In this review, TKI-induced autoimmune diseases are reviewed in order to understand this complex phenomenon through clinical research and molecular mechanism exploration. Despite the relatively low incidence of autoimmune diseases, their potential severity demands heightened attention. The potential mechanisms underlying TKI-induced autoimmune diseases may involve immune system dysregulation, alterations in immune cell function, activation of inflammatory responses, and attacks on self-antigens. Various preventive strategies, including clinical monitoring, personalized treatment, optimization of therapeutic approaches, and patient education and communication, can be employed to effectively address these potential risks. Future research directions should delve into the molecular mechanisms of TKI-induced autoimmune diseases, integrate studies on genetics and immunogenetics, advance the development of novel TKIs, explore the possibilities of combining immunotherapy with TKI treatment, and propel large-scale clinical trials.