Malovanyy Andriy, Forsén Erika, Lihammar Richard
IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Box 21060, 11428 Stockholm, Sweden.
Käppalaförbundet, Södra Kungsvägen 315, 181 66 Lidingö, Sweden.
Water Res. 2025 Jan 1;268(Pt A):122660. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122660. Epub 2024 Oct 18.
Municipal wastewater has a relatively low content of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), compared with other point sources such as landfill leachate and industrial effluents. Nevertheless, it is considered as one of the major point pollution sources. Foam fractionation was previously shown to effectively remove PFAS from different water matrices and to reach a high PFAS enrichment. In this study, the removal of PFAS from municipal wastewater of different origins was investigated. Despite the low foaming potential, it was possible to reach an average removal of the sum of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) of 93 %, the removal of the sum of 21 PFAS of 56 %, and the removal of the sum of PFAS expressed as PFOA equivalents (ΣPFOAeq) of 91 %, without any surfactant addition utilizing a novel approach of foam collection. The PFAS content was reduced to below the limit values for drinking water in Sweden and the anticipated future limit values for surface water in the European Union. The addition of four commercial surfactants and an extract of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from waste activated sludge each enhanced the foam formation. Moreover, a cationic surfactant increased the removal of short-chain PFAS. Additionally, foam fractionation of activated sludge was performed. A considerably lower ΣPFOAeq removal of only 20 % was demonstrated, which was explained by a high proportion of PFAS sorbed to sludge. Finally, the study discusses the practical implications of the application of foam fractionation at municipal wastewater treatment plants.
与垃圾渗滤液和工业废水等其他点源相比，城市污水中全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的含量相对较低。然而，它被认为是主要的点污染源之一。先前的研究表明，泡沫分离法能有效去除不同水基质中的PFAS，并实现较高的PFAS富集。在本研究中，对不同来源城市污水中PFAS的去除情况进行了调查。尽管发泡潜力较低，但采用一种新型泡沫收集方法，在不添加任何表面活性剂的情况下，全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）、全氟壬酸（PFNA）和全氟己烷磺酸（PFHxS）的总去除率平均可达93%，21种PFAS的总去除率为56%，以PFOA当量表示的PFAS总去除率（ΣPFOAeq）为91%。PFAS含量降至瑞典饮用水限值以下以及欧盟地表水预期的未来限值以下。添加四种商业表面活性剂和来自废弃活性污泥的细胞外聚合物（EPS）提取物均增强了泡沫的形成。此外，阳离子表面活性剂提高了短链PFAS的去除率。此外，还对活性污泥进行了泡沫分离。结果表明，ΣPFOAeq的去除率相当低，仅为20%，这是由于大量PFAS吸附在污泥上所致。最后，本研究讨论了泡沫分离法在城市污水处理厂应用的实际意义。
