Sharma Chandra Kant
ITM University Gwalior, (M.P.), India.
Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2025;25(4):e18715265302000. doi: 10.2174/0118715265302000240913092037.
This review explores various biliary tract diseases caused by different organisms, including cholelithiasis, hepatolithiasis, and choledocholithiasis. The biliary tract's primary functions include collecting, storing, concentrating, and delivering bile juice produced by the liver. Neurohormonal systems involving the vagus and splanchnic nerves, alongside cholecystokinin, regulate gallbladder movement during fasting and digestion. Under normal conditions, bile acids play a crucial role, with approximately 95% being reabsorbed by the intestinal epithelium and returned to the liver via the portal vein system. The liver, often hailed as a miracle worker, detoxifies, purifies, and regenerates, performi ng essential functions in the body. Recent research indicates that the gallbladder, akin to the intestine, harbors a diverse microbiota. Additionally, the biliary mucosa features chemical, mechanical, and immunological barriers that promote immunological tolerance. Hepatotoxicity remains a significant global health concern and a leading cause of mortality. Providing clear and accurate information on liver toxicity is critical, especially in the context of medication safety and public health. By refining these elements, this review can effectively convey the complexity and importance of biliary tract diseases and liver function in health and disease contexts.
本综述探讨了由不同生物体引起的各种胆道疾病，包括胆结石、肝内胆管结石和胆总管结石。胆道的主要功能包括收集、储存、浓缩和输送肝脏产生的胆汁。涉及迷走神经和内脏神经的神经激素系统，以及胆囊收缩素，在禁食和消化过程中调节胆囊运动。在正常情况下，胆汁酸起着至关重要的作用，约95%的胆汁酸被肠上皮重新吸收，并通过门静脉系统返回肝脏。肝脏常被誉为神奇的器官，具有解毒、净化和再生功能，在身体中发挥着重要作用。最近的研究表明，胆囊与肠道类似，也存在多种微生物群。此外，胆道黏膜具有化学、机械和免疫屏障，可促进免疫耐受。肝毒性仍然是一个重大的全球健康问题，也是导致死亡的主要原因。提供关于肝脏毒性的清晰准确信息至关重要，尤其是在药物安全和公共卫生方面。通过完善这些内容，本综述能够有效地传达胆道疾病以及肝脏功能在健康和疾病背景下的复杂性和重要性。
