Inhibition of ferroptosis attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced early pregnancy loss by protecting against decidual damage of stromal cells.

Endometrial decidualization is critical for successful embryo implantation. Dysregulation of the immune microenvironment can disrupt normal decidualization processes, potentially resulting in early pregnancy loss. Ferroptosis, a form of cell death dependent on iron and lipid hydroperoxides, is closely associated with inflammation. In this study, we developed an inflammatory early pregnancy loss model to elucidate the mechanisms of decidual damage induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to assess whether ferroptosis contributes to LPS-induced early pregnancy loss. Through in vivo experiments, we observed that embryo implantation was significantly inhibited and endometrial decidualization was impaired during LPS-induced early pregnancy loss. LPS exposure resulted in abnormal mitochondrial morphology, reduced antioxidant capacity, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disruptions in iron metabolism during decidualization in mouse endometrial stromal cells (mESCs). The administration of ferroptosis inhibitors, specifically ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and deferoxamine (DFO), effectively reversed embryo loss and mitigated the decidual damage associated with LPS-induced early pregnancy loss. Fer-1 and DFO exhibited resistance to ferroptosis during decidualization by modulating the antioxidant system and iron metabolism in mESCs, respectively. Our findings indicate that the inhibition of ferroptosis can confer protective effects against decidual damage during LPS-induced early pregnancy loss in mice.