Department of Geography, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India.
Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
BMC Public Health. 2024 Oct 30;24(1):3006. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-20493-x.
Five distinct forms of violence - Physical, Verbal, Sexual, Cyber, and Relational - persistently afflict sexual minorities worldwide. The presence of feminine attributes in Men who have Sex with Men is inherently linked to a heightened susceptibility to various manifestations of violence, thereby exerting detrimental repercussions on both the physical and mental well-being of these individuals. This correlation stands as a principal contributor to the alarmingly elevated rates of suicide attempts among Men who have Sex with Men, particularly during their early years.
This cross-sectional study investigates the risk factors for violence against Men who have Sex with Men in six metropolitan cities across India. Quantitative data were gathered from 300 self-identified Men who have Sex with Men, with 240 providing only quantitative data, while both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from a subset of 60 respondents, ranging in age from 18 to 70 years. Quantitative analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression to explore the likelihood of different types of violence. Qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews, were analyzed thematically to provide contextual depth and validate the quantitative findings, focusing on specific incidents and key themes associated with violence among Men who have Sex with Men.
More than 60 per cent of the respondents encountered at least one type of violence due to their sexuality. More than half of the respondents who engaged in the receptive role during sexual activity reported experiencing sexual violence. The likelihood of encountering verbal violence was found to be nearly six times higher among respondents who were receptive than penetrative sexual partners. Respondents of Muslim religion exhibited a 2.6-fold increase in the likelihood of experiencing sexual violence compared to their Hindu counterparts.
Violence against Men who have Sex with Men is a pervasive issue in the six metropolitan cities studied in India, particularly affecting individuals with lower education and low income. These findings resonate with global research, which identifies similar risk factors for violence against sexual minorities, especially in regions with deep-rooted homophobia and socio-economic inequalities. Insights from this study underscore the urgent need for targeted policies and interventions to create a safer, more inclusive environment for this population in India and other parts of the Global South.
五种不同形式的暴力——身体暴力、言语暴力、性暴力、网络暴力和关系暴力——持续困扰着全球的性少数群体。男男性行为者（MSM）中存在女性特质，这与他们更容易受到各种形式暴力的影响密切相关，从而对他们的身心健康造成不利影响。这种相关性是男男性行为者自杀企图率居高不下的主要原因之一，尤其是在他们的早期阶段。
本横断面研究调查了印度六个主要城市男男性行为者遭受暴力的风险因素。从 300 名自我认同的男男性行为者中收集了定量数据，其中 240 名仅提供了定量数据，而从 60 名受访者中收集了定量和定性数据，年龄在 18 至 70 岁之间。使用描述性统计、卡方检验和二元逻辑回归分析来探索不同类型暴力的可能性。通过深入访谈收集的定性数据进行主题分析，以提供背景深度并验证定量研究结果，重点关注男男性行为者中与暴力相关的具体事件和关键主题。
超过 60%的受访者因性取向而遭受至少一种类型的暴力。超过一半在性行为中处于接受角色的受访者报告曾经历性暴力。与处于主动接受性角色的性伴侣相比，处于被动接受性角色的受访者遭遇言语暴力的可能性高出近六倍。与印度教受访者相比，穆斯林宗教的受访者遭遇性暴力的可能性增加了 2.6 倍。
在印度六个研究的主要城市中，针对男男性行为者的暴力是一个普遍存在的问题，尤其是那些教育程度较低和收入较低的人群。这些发现与全球研究一致，全球研究确定了针对性少数群体暴力的类似风险因素，尤其是在那些存在根深蒂固的恐同和社会经济不平等的地区。这项研究的结果强调了在印度和全球南方其他地区为这一人群制定有针对性的政策和干预措施的迫切需要，以创造一个更安全、更包容的环境。
