Rodrigues Fernanda, Durães Luisa, Simões Nuno E C, Pereira André M P T, Silva Liliana J G, João Feio Maria
University of Coimbra, MARE/ARNET, Department of Life Sciences, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal; University of Coimbra, CERES, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal; University of Coimbra, INESC Coimbra, Department of Civil Engineering, Rua Luis Reis Santos, Coimbra 3030-788, Portugal.
University of Coimbra, CERES, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal.
Water Res. 2025 Jan 1;268(Pt B):122657. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122657. Epub 2024 Oct 18.
The presence of pharmaceuticals in urban freshwater has been considered an emerging issue. Although rivers are better studied, the streams crossing the cities, which are prone to higher concentrations of pharmaceuticals, and with a higher potential to affect animals, plant and human health, were never specifically addressed in a review. Thus, here we performed a literature review on the existing pharmaceutical contamination and impacts of these compounds in the urban stream ecosystems. To structure the review, 10 questions were designed. From a total of 206 scientific publications, only 51 addressed the issue of pharmaceuticals in urban streams compared to 180 studies in the larger urban rivers. In 49 urban streams located in 13 countries and four continents, 139 pharmaceuticals from ten therapeutic groups were found. Anti-inflammatories and anticonvulsants were detected in the largest number of countries and urban streams, but the latter was more frequent in the streams. Metabolites were also detected, sometimes in higher concentrations than the original pharmaceutical but they were seldom analysed. The pharmaceuticals that caused more effects in the aquatic organisms were 17β-estradiol, estriol, estrone, acetaminophen, caffeine, carbamazepine, diltiazem, diphenhydramine, fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, sertraline, desmethylsertraline, methylphenidate and ciprofloxacin. The effects were varied, from bioaccumulation, endocrine disruption, impaired growth, reproduction inhibition, increased mortality and hatching disorder to morphological alterations, and decreased gross primary production and biomass. Streams had a higher mixture risk compared to the rivers. Important knowledge gaps detected are the low frequency of analysis of metabolites, the inefficient treatment of urban sewage regarding pharmaceuticals and the reduced number of studies on the impacts of pharmaceuticals at the aquatic community/population and functional level.
城市淡水中存在药物已被视为一个新出现的问题。尽管对河流的研究更为充分，但穿越城市的溪流，其药物浓度往往更高，对动物、植物和人类健康的潜在影响也更大，却从未在综述中得到专门论述。因此，我们在此对城市溪流生态系统中现有的药物污染及这些化合物的影响进行了文献综述。为构建该综述，设计了10个问题。在总共206篇科学出版物中，只有51篇涉及城市溪流中的药物问题，而关于较大城市河流的研究有180项。在位于13个国家和四大洲的49条城市溪流中，发现了来自10个治疗组的139种药物。抗炎药和抗惊厥药在最多的国家和城市溪流中被检测到，但后者在溪流中更为常见。还检测到了代谢物，有时其浓度高于原始药物，但很少对其进行分析。对水生生物产生更多影响的药物有17β-雌二醇、雌三醇、雌酮、对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、卡马西平、地尔硫䓬、苯海拉明、氟西汀、去甲氟西汀、舍曲林、去甲基舍曲林、哌醋甲酯和环丙沙星。这些影响多种多样，包括生物累积、内分泌干扰、生长受损、繁殖抑制、死亡率增加、孵化障碍、形态改变以及初级生产力和生物量降低。与河流相比，溪流的混合风险更高。检测到的重要知识空白包括代谢物分析频率低、城市污水对药物的处理效率低下以及关于药物对水生群落/种群和功能水平影响的研究数量减少。
