Wade Timothy J, Mistry Jatin H, Augustine Swinburne A J, Griffin Shannon M, Kobylanski Jason, Styles Jennifer, Sams Elizabeth, Hudgens Edward, Kowalcyk Megan, Cochran Wesley, Ward Honorine, Egorov Andrey
Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
Region 6, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Dallas, TX, USA.
J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2024 Dec;14(4):1619-1632. doi: 10.1007/s44197-024-00315-4. Epub 2024 Nov 4.
Tribal Nations disproportionately lack access to safe drinking water and can be adversely affected by other water quality and environmental concerns. Such conditions could lead to an increase in the transmission of waterborne, environmental and hygiene related infections. We collected saliva samples from attendees at two Tribal Nation annual festivals and tested them for salivary immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to selected common infections using an in-house multiplex immunoassay. Antibody responses were compared to responses from a previously conducted study in the midwestern United States.
We collected and tested 531 samples from Tribal Nation sites and used data on 453 previously analyzed samples from the Midwest site. Logistic and linear regression models were used to model a binary classification of seropositivity and the intensity of the antibody response, respectively.
Seroprevalence of chronic infections (Helicobacter pylori and Toxoplasma gondii) were generally consistent with estimates from population-based studies. Compared to the Midwest site, one of the Tribal Nation sites had consistently higher median antibody responses to several noroviruses. The Tribal Nation sites had a lower seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies. At the Tribal Nation sites, farm residents had higher antibody responses to Cryptosporidium spp., bottled water consumption was associated with lower responses to Cryptosporidium spp., animal contact was associated with T. gondii seropositivity, and recent diarrhea was associated with higher norovirus antibody responses. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity was associated with reduced odds of reporting allergies.
This study demonstrated the application of a multiplex salivary immunoassay in Tribal Nations to provide insights regarding selected common pathogens which are transmitted through different transmission pathways including person-to-person contacts, contaminated food, soil and drinking water.
部落民族获得安全饮用水的机会严重不足，且可能受到其他水质和环境问题的不利影响。这些情况可能导致水传播、环境和卫生相关感染的传播增加。我们从两个部落民族年度节日的参与者那里收集了唾液样本，并使用内部多重免疫测定法检测了他们对选定常见感染的唾液免疫球蛋白G（IgG）反应。将抗体反应与之前在美国中西部进行的一项研究的反应进行了比较。
我们从部落民族地点收集并检测了531个样本，并使用了来自中西部地点的453个先前分析样本的数据。逻辑回归模型和线性回归模型分别用于对血清阳性的二元分类和抗体反应强度进行建模。
慢性感染（幽门螺杆菌和弓形虫）的血清阳性率总体上与基于人群的研究估计一致。与中西部地点相比，其中一个部落民族地点对几种诺如病毒的抗体反应中位数一直较高。部落民族地点戊型肝炎病毒抗体的血清阳性率较低。在部落民族地点，农场居民对隐孢子虫属的抗体反应较高，饮用瓶装水与对隐孢子虫属的反应较低有关，接触动物与弓形虫血清阳性有关，近期腹泻与诺如病毒抗体反应较高有关。幽门螺杆菌血清阳性与报告过敏的几率降低有关。
本研究证明了多重唾液免疫测定法在部落民族中的应用，以提供有关通过不同传播途径传播的选定常见病原体的见解，这些传播途径包括人际接触、受污染的食物、土壤和饮用水。
