Identification of cadmium-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and characterization of its Cd-biosorption and strengthening effect on phytoremediation: Development of a new amphibious-biocleaner for Cd-contaminated site.

The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in decontaminating cadmium-contaminated soil and water is a sustainable and eco-friendly approach. This study aimed to isolate a PGPR strain from the rhizosphere soil of Solanum nigrum and evaluate its potential and mechanisms in remediating Cd-contaminated environments. The results showed that the isolated strain, Klebsiella sp. AW2, can tolerate 240 mg/L Cd. Batch biosorption experiments indicated that the optimal conditions for PGPR biosorption were a pH of 5.0, a biosorbent dosage of 1.0 g/L, and a Cd concentration of 10 mg/L, resulting in a biosorption rate of 40.99%. Model fitting results revealed that the Cd biosorption process followed a uniform surface monolayer chemisorption mechanism, likely involving complexation with functional groups such as -NH, -OH, and -C=O, according to Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and desorption experiments. Furthermore, pot experiments demonstrated that PGPR application significantly enhanced the phytoremediation efficiency of Cd-contaminated soil, increasing the phytoextraction ratio by 32.41%. This improvement was primarily achieved by promoting S. nigrum growth and facilitating Cd horizontal transfer from rhizosphere soil to plants through influencing the rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties and Cd influx in roots. In addition, the copy number of the 16S rRNA gene of the PGPR revealed that the PGPR was predominantly localized in the rhizosphere soil, directly leading to increased availability of Cd for plant uptake. Overall, these findings indicate that Klebsiella sp. AW2 is a promising biocleaner for Cd-contaminated environments and provide valuable insights into the application of biosorbents in phytoremediation efforts.