Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), S. P. Andersens veg 5, 7031 Trondheim, Norway.
COWI AS, Karvesvingen 2, 0579 Oslo, Norway.
J Hazard Mater. 2024 Dec 5;480:136363. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136363. Epub 2024 Oct 31.
Tunnel wash water (TWW) contains high levels of trace elements and organic micropollutants, especially in the dissolved fraction. Discharge poses significant environmental risks. This field study aimed at improving conventional sedimentation treatment by addition of novel secondary treatments: bag filtration, ceramic microfiltration, or granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration. Removal of nine trace elements, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 38 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), seven benzothiazoles (BTHs), seven benzotriazoles (BTRs), five bisphenols (BPs), and five benzophenones was investigated. Primary sedimentation significantly reduced particles and associated contaminants, achieving over 73 % average removal for trace elements, 65 % for PAHs, and 71 % for PFASs. Subsequent GAC removed over 70 % of dissolved Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn and over 92 % of dissolved PFASs, BTHs, BTRs, and BPs, including several persistent, mobile and toxic compounds. Following GAC filtration, Cr, Ni, Pb, anthracene, fluoranthene, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, and bisphenol-A were below environmental quality standards (EQS). GAC consistently reduced responses in in vitro bioassays with endpoints activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, oxidative stress response, and neurotoxicity below effect-based trigger values for surface water. GAC filtration is thus recommended for future TWW treatment. Assessing water quality remains a challenging task due to lack of EQSs for many chemicals.
隧道冲洗水 (TWW) 含有高水平的痕量元素和有机微污染物，尤其是在溶解部分。排放会对环境造成重大风险。本现场研究旨在通过添加新型二级处理方法（袋式过滤、陶瓷微滤或颗粒活性炭 (GAC) 过滤）来改进常规的沉淀处理。研究了九种痕量元素、16 种多环芳烃 (PAHs)、38 种全氟和多氟烷基物质 (PFASs)、七种苯并噻唑 (BTHs)、七种苯并三唑 (BTRs)、五种双酚 (BP) 和五种二苯甲酮的去除情况。初步沉淀显著减少了颗粒和相关污染物，痕量元素的平均去除率超过 73%，PAHs 的去除率超过 65%，PFASs 的去除率超过 71%。随后的 GAC 去除了超过 70%的溶解 Cr、Cu、Pb 和 Zn，以及超过 92%的溶解 PFASs、BTHs、BTRs 和 BPs，包括几种持久性、移动性和毒性化合物。在 GAC 过滤之后，Cr、Ni、Pb、蒽、荧蒽、全氟辛烷磺酸和双酚-A 均低于环境质量标准 (EQS)。GAC 过滤始终将体外生物测定的反应降低到基于效应的地表水触发值以下，包括芳基烃受体激活、氧化应激反应和神经毒性。因此，建议在未来的 TWW 处理中使用 GAC 过滤。由于缺乏许多化学物质的 EQS，水质评估仍然是一项具有挑战性的任务。
