PHLDA1 protects intestinal barrier function via restricting intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis in inflammatory bowel disease.

The current approach to treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) primarily focuses on managing inflammation rather than maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier. In our study, we sought to investigate the potential role of PHLDA1 in preserving intestinal barrier function as a promising strategy for treating IBD. We observed a significant decrease in PHLDA1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) of both IBD patients and mice with chemically induced colitis. This deficiency of PHLDA1 led to increased apoptosis of IECs, resulting in a compromised epithelial barrier and the invasion of commensal bacteria into the mucosa. Consequently, this microbial invasion substantially exacerbated colonic inflammation in mice with the specific knockout of PHLDA1 in IECs (Phlda1) compared to their control littermates. Mechanistically, we found evidence of PHLDA1 interacting with MCL1 to protect against K48-linked polyubiquitylation at the K40 lysine residue, thus preventing ubiquitin-proteasome degradation through the MCL1 ubiquitin ligase E3 (Mule). We further confirmed that the PHLDA1-MCL1-Mule signaling pathway plays a critical role in the development of IBD. Notably, our study demonstrated that enhancing MCL1 levels or reducing Mule expression using adeno-associated virus (AAV) attenuated experimental colitis in Phlda1 mice. Collectively, our findings emphasize the significance of PHLDA1 in the pathogenesis of IBD and propose that targeting the PHLDA1-MCL1-Mule signaling pathway could be a viable approach for combating IBD.