Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
J Mol Neurosci. 2024 Nov 12;74(4):108. doi: 10.1007/s12031-024-02286-4.
Regeneration of the sciatic nerve is a sophisticated process that involves the interplay of several signaling pathways that orchestrate the cellular responses critical to regeneration. Among the key pathways are the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and Janus kinase/signal transducers and transcription activators (JAK/STAT) pathways. In particular, the cAMP pathway modulates neuronal survival and axonal regrowth. It influences various cellular behaviors and gene expression that are essential for nerve regeneration. MAPK is indispensable for Schwann cell differentiation and myelination, whereas PI3K/AKT is integral to the transcription, translation, and cell survival processes that are vital for nerve regeneration. Furthermore, GTP-binding proteins, including those of the Ras homolog gene family (Rho), regulate neural cell adhesion, migration, and survival. Notch signaling also appears to be effective in the early stages of nerve regeneration and in preventing skeletal muscle fibrosis after injury. Understanding the intricate mechanisms and interactions of these pathways is vital for the development of effective therapeutic strategies for sciatic nerve injuries. This review underscores the need for further research to fill existing knowledge gaps and improve therapeutic outcomes.
坐骨神经的再生是一个复杂的过程，涉及到几个信号通路的相互作用，这些信号通路协调着对再生至关重要的细胞反应。关键信号通路包括丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）、磷脂酰肌醇 3-激酶（PI3K）/蛋白激酶 B（AKT）、环腺苷酸（cAMP）和 Janus 激酶/信号转导和转录激活因子（JAK/STAT）通路。特别是，cAMP 通路调节神经元的存活和轴突的再生。它影响各种细胞行为和基因表达，这些对于神经再生是必不可少的。MAPK 对于许旺细胞的分化和髓鞘形成是不可或缺的，而 PI3K/AKT 则对于转录、翻译和细胞存活过程至关重要，这些过程对于神经再生至关重要。此外，G 蛋白结合蛋白，包括 Ras 同源基因家族（Rho）的 G 蛋白结合蛋白，调节神经细胞的黏附、迁移和存活。Notch 信号通路似乎也在神经再生的早期阶段以及损伤后预防骨骼肌纤维化方面有效。了解这些通路的复杂机制和相互作用对于开发有效的坐骨神经损伤治疗策略至关重要。这篇综述强调了需要进一步研究以填补现有知识空白并改善治疗效果。
