Polyakov Viktor, Beal Samuel, Meding Stephen Mercer, Dontsova Katerina
USDA-ARS, Southwest Watershed Research Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, CRREL, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
J Environ Qual. 2025 Jan-Feb;54(1):191-203. doi: 10.1002/jeq2.20652. Epub 2024 Nov 12.
Residue of energetic formulations, which is deposited on military training grounds following incomplete detonation, poses biotic hazards. This residue can be transported off-site, adsorb to soil clays and organic matter, transform or degrade, or taken up by plants and animals. Its harmful effects can be mitigated by localizing the energetics at the site of initial deposition using soil amendments and allowing them to bio- and photodegrade in situ. Small plots with coarse loamy soil were used to study the effect of gypsum (CaSO·2HO) on transport and redistribution under simulated rainfall of various sizes of insensitive munition explosive (IMX)-104 particles, which consist of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tertranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). The addition of gypsum more than doubled infiltration and decreased sediment loss by 16% compared to the control. The post-rainfall mass balance of IMX-104 in the order from greater to smaller pools was as follows: (1) soil surface retention, (2) off-site loss to overland flow, and (3) sub-surface infiltration. Overall, the application of gypsum significantly decreased concentration and the total mass loss of dissolved DNAN, RDX, and HMX in surface runoff. In addition, gypsum significantly decreased (for NTO, DNAN, and HMX) or delayed (for NTO, DNAN, RDX, and HMX) the peak discharge of <2 mm particulate energetics. The infiltration of NTO in the gypsum treatment was fivefold greater than in the control. Moreover, DNAN and RDX were also present in infiltration, while in the gypsum-free control none were found. Gypsum shifted the total mass balance of energetics toward subsurface flow. This study indicates that gypsum may decrease off-site transport of energetic constituents in the soils that are subject to surface sealing.
高能配方的残留物在不完全爆炸后沉积在军事训练场上，会造成生物危害。这种残留物可以被转运到场地外，吸附到土壤黏土和有机物上，发生转化或降解，或者被植物和动物吸收。通过使用土壤改良剂将高能物质定位在初始沉积地点并使其在原地进行生物降解和光降解，可以减轻其有害影响。使用粗质壤土的小块土地来研究石膏（CaSO₄·2H₂O）对各种尺寸的不敏感弹药炸药（IMX）-104颗粒在模拟降雨条件下的迁移和再分布的影响，IMX-104颗粒由3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮（NTO）、2,4-二硝基苯甲醚（DNAN）、六氢-1,3,5-三硝基-1,3,5-三嗪（RDX）和八氢-1,3,5,7-四硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷（HMX）组成。与对照相比，添加石膏使入渗量增加了一倍多，并使泥沙流失减少了16%。降雨后IMX-104在各水池中的质量平衡从大到小依次为：（1）土壤表面滞留，（2）地表径流造成的场外流失，（3）地下入渗。总体而言，施用石膏显著降低了地表径流中溶解的DNAN、RDX和HMX的浓度以及总质量损失。此外，石膏显著降低了（对于NTO、DNAN和HMX）或延迟了（对于NTO、DNAN、RDX和HMX）小于2毫米颗粒状高能物质的峰值流量。石膏处理中NTO的入渗量比对照大五倍。此外，DNAN和RDX也存在于入渗中，而在无石膏对照中未发现。石膏使高能物质的总质量平衡向地下径流转移。这项研究表明，石膏可能会减少受地表封闭影响的土壤中高能成分的场外迁移。
