USDA - Agricultural Research Service, United States.
Oregon State University, United States.
J Environ Manage. 2024 Dec;371:123281. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123281. Epub 2024 Nov 15.
The demand for seed-based restoration and revegetation of degraded drylands has intensified with increased disturbance and climate change. Invasive plants often hinder the establishment of seeded species; thus, they are routinely controlled with herbicides. Herbicides used to control invasive plants may maintain soil activity and cause non-target damage to seeded species. Activated carbon (AC), which has a high adsorption of many herbicides, has been incorporated into seed pellets and coatings (seed technologies) to limit herbicide damage. Though various AC seed technologies have been examined in numerous laboratory and field studies, questions remain regarding their effectiveness and how to improve it, and what causes variation in results. We synthesized the literature on AC seed technologies for dryland restoration and revegetation to attempt to answer these questions. AC pellets compared to seed coatings were more thoroughly tested in the field and generally provide strong herbicide protection. However, greater amounts of AC in seed coatings appear to increase their effectiveness. Seed coatings show more potential for use than pellets because they are less logistically challenging to use compared to pellets, but need more field testing and refinement. Results often differ between laboratory and field studies, suggesting that field studies are critical in determining realized effects. However, seedling establishment failures from other barriers make it challenging to evaluate the effectiveness of AC seed technologies in the field. AC seed technologies are an innovative tool that with continued refinement, especially if other barriers to seedling establishment can be overcome, may improve the restoration and revegetation of degraded drylands.
随着干扰和气候变化的加剧，对退化旱地进行基于种子的恢复和植被重建的需求也在增加。入侵植物常常阻碍播种物种的建立；因此，它们通常用除草剂来控制。用于控制入侵植物的除草剂可能会保持土壤活性，并对播种物种造成非目标损害。活性炭（AC）对许多除草剂具有很高的吸附性，已被纳入种子丸剂和涂层（种子技术）中，以限制除草剂的损害。虽然各种 AC 种子技术已经在许多实验室和现场研究中进行了检查，但仍存在一些问题，例如它们的有效性如何以及如何提高，以及是什么导致结果存在差异。我们综合了有关旱地恢复和植被重建的活性炭种子技术的文献，试图回答这些问题。与种子涂层相比，活性炭丸剂在野外得到了更彻底的测试，通常能提供更强的除草剂保护。然而，种子涂层中更多的活性炭似乎会提高它们的效果。种子涂层比丸剂更有潜力被使用，因为与丸剂相比，它们在使用上的物流挑战更小，但需要更多的现场测试和改进。实验室和现场研究的结果往往不同，这表明现场研究对于确定实际效果至关重要。然而，由于其他障碍导致的幼苗建立失败，使得难以评估活性炭种子技术在现场的有效性。活性炭种子技术是一种创新工具，如果能持续改进，特别是如果能克服其他幼苗建立的障碍，可能会改善退化旱地的恢复和植被重建。
