Banaei Gooya, Abass Doaa, Tavakolpournegari Alireza, Martín-Pérez Joan, Gutiérrez Javier, Peng Guyu, Reemtsma Thorsten, Marcos Ricard, Hernández Alba, García-Rodríguez Alba
Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain.
Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, 82524, Sohag, Egypt.
Chemosphere. 2024 Nov;368:143736. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143736. Epub 2024 Nov 16.
The potential health implications of environmental micro/nanoplastics (MNPLs) are increasingly concerning. Beyond environmental exposure, other sources such as food packaging, including herbal/teabags, may also be significant. This study investigates the release of MNPLs from three commercially available teabags. By simulating tea preparation, MNPL samples were extracted and characterized using a range of analytical techniques: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The results confirmed that the teabags were made of nylon-6 (NY6), polypropylene (PP), and cellulose (CL) and that microfibers and nano-range particles (NPLs) were present in the leachates. NTA data revealed that the number of released NPLs was 1.20 × 10/mL (PP; 136.7 nm), 1.35 × 10/mL (CL; 244 nm), and 8.18 × 10/mL (NY6; 138.4). The leachate particles were then stained with iDye Poly-Pink and used to expose three human intestine-derived cell types (Caco-2, HT29, and HT29-MTX) to assess their biointeractions and the role of the mucosubstances in vitro. The results demonstrated that after 24 h of exposure to 100 μg/mL NPLs, there was significant uptake of PP-NPLs in HT29-MTX cells, as a model of cells segregating high amount of mucus. A similar uptake was observed for CL-NPLs in HT29 and HT29-MTX cells, while NY6-NPLs were internalized preferentially in Caco-2 cells. These findings underscore the importance of identifying new environmentally relevant MNPL exposure sources, for developing realistic MNPLs samples, and further investigating their potential human health effects.
环境微/纳米塑料（MNPLs）对健康的潜在影响日益受到关注。除了环境暴露外，其他来源如食品包装，包括草药/茶包，也可能是重要的来源。本研究调查了三种市售茶包中MNPLs的释放情况。通过模拟泡茶过程，使用一系列分析技术提取并表征了MNPLs样品：扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、衰减全反射/傅里叶变换红外光谱（ATR-FTIR）、动态光散射（DLS）、激光多普勒测速仪（LDV）和纳米颗粒跟踪分析（NTA）。结果证实，茶包由尼龙-6（NY6）、聚丙烯（PP）和纤维素（CL）制成，浸出液中存在微纤维和纳米级颗粒（NPLs）。NTA数据显示，释放的NPLs数量分别为1.20×10/mL（PP；136.7nm）、1.35×10/mL（CL；244nm）和8.18×10/mL（NY6；138.4）。然后用iDye Poly-Pink对浸出液颗粒进行染色，并用于暴露三种人肠道来源的细胞类型（Caco-2、HT29和HT29-MTX），以评估它们的生物相互作用以及体外黏液物质的作用。结果表明，在暴露于100μg/mL NPLs 24小时后，作为分泌大量黏液的细胞模型，HT29-MTX细胞对PP-NPLs有显著摄取。在HT29和HT29-MTX细胞中观察到CL-NPLs有类似的摄取，而NY6-NPLs优先被Caco-2细胞内化。这些发现强调了识别新的与环境相关的MNPL暴露源、开发实际的MNPLs样品以及进一步研究其对人类健康潜在影响的重要性。
