Décombe Amandine, Scarampi Chiara, Malleville Elora, Capdevielle Delphine, Gilbert Sam J, Raffard Stéphane
Department of Psychology, Epsylon, Paul Valery University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
University Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hôpital la Colombière, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
J Neuropsychol. 2025 Jun;19(2):216-233. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12399. Epub 2024 Nov 18.
Cognitive offloading refers to the use of physical action and the external environment to simplify mental demand. One form of this-intention offloading-involves the use of external reminders to support delayed intentions. Both beliefs of poor memory ability and a preference to avoid cognitive effort lead to offloading intentions rather than using internal memory. Schizophrenia is a population with deficits in prospective memory and to overcome this difficulty, neuropsychological interventions can propose external aids such as reminders. However, it is unknown what motivates individuals with schizophrenia to spontaneously use reminders. Twenty-seven individuals with schizophrenia and twenty-seven non-clinical individuals were recruited to perform a prospective memory task, with two levels of difficulty, by deciding whether to use reminders or their internal memory. The proportion of reminder use, performance (hits and errors), subjective effort and metacognitive beliefs were recorded. The results show a non-optimal use of reminders in the schizophrenia group: this group used more reminders than the non-clinical group when the task was easy but did not increase reminder usage when the task became more difficult. Individuals with schizophrenia perceived the task to be more effortful than the non-clinical individuals in the easy task, but also had a high estimation of their memory ability. Reminder usage in schizophrenia is atypical and non-optimal. This may relate to effort and metacognition but the direct influence of these factors remains to be demonstrated. The overall results open perspectives on the neuropsychological treatment of prospective memory in this population.
认知卸载是指利用身体动作和外部环境来简化心理需求。这种卸载的一种形式——意图卸载——涉及使用外部提醒来支持延迟意图。记忆力差的信念以及避免认知努力的偏好都会导致人们卸载意图，而不是使用内部记忆。精神分裂症患者存在前瞻性记忆缺陷，为克服这一困难，神经心理学干预可以提供诸如提醒之类的外部辅助手段。然而，尚不清楚是什么促使精神分裂症患者自发使用提醒。招募了27名精神分裂症患者和27名非临床个体，通过决定是使用提醒还是依靠内部记忆来执行一项有两个难度级别的前瞻性记忆任务。记录提醒的使用比例、表现（命中和错误）、主观努力程度和元认知信念。结果显示，精神分裂症组对提醒的使用并不理想：在任务简单时，该组使用的提醒比非临床组更多，但当任务变得更困难时，提醒的使用量并未增加。在简单任务中，精神分裂症患者比非临床个体感觉任务更费力，但他们对自己的记忆能力也有较高的估计。精神分裂症患者对提醒的使用不典型且不理想。这可能与努力程度和元认知有关，但这些因素的直接影响仍有待证明。总体结果为该人群前瞻性记忆的神经心理学治疗开辟了新的视角。
