Relative fitness of wild-type and phage-resistant pyomelanogenic and effects of combinatorial therapy on resistant formation.

Bacteriophages, the natural predators of bacteria, are incredibly potent candidates to counteract antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, the rapid development of phage-resistant mutants challenges the potential of phage therapy. Understanding the mechanisms of bacterial adaptations to phage predation is crucial for phage-based prognostic applications. Phage cocktails and combinatorial therapy, using optimized dosage patterns of antibiotics, can negate the development of phage-resistant mutations and prolong therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we describe the characterization of a novel bacteriophage and the physiology of phage-resistant mutant developed during infection. M12PA is a -infecting bacteriophage with Myoviridae morphology. We observed that prolonged exposure of to M12PA resulted in the selection of phage-resistant mutants. Among the resistant mutants, pyomelanin-producing mutants, named PA-M, were developed at a frequency of 1 in 16. Compared to the wild-type, we show that PA-M mutant is severely defective in virulence properties, with altered motility, biofilm formation, growth rate, and antibiotic resistance profile. The PA-M mutant exhibited reduced pathogenesis in an allantoic-infected chick embryo model system compared to the wild-type. Finally, we provide evidence that combinatory therapy, combining M12PA with antibiotics or other phages, significantly delayed the emergence of resistant mutants. In conclusion, our study highlights the potential of combinatory phage therapy to delay the development of phage-resistant mutants and enhance the efficacy of phage-based treatments against .