Hernández-Tenorio Rafael, Gaspar-Ramírez Octavio, Aba-Guevara Cinthia G, González-Juaréz Edgar, Guzmán Mar Jorge Luis, Hinojosa-Reyes Laura
Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Sede Noreste, Vía de la Innovación 404, Autopista Monterrey-Aeropuerto Km 10, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León C.P. 66628, México.
Investigador de Cátedras CONACYT-ITNL. Centro de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica-tecNM/ITNL, Apodaca, Nuevo León, México.
Toxicol Rep. 2024 Nov 2;13:101796. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101796. eCollection 2024 Dec.
Pharmaceutical active compounds (PACs) in the concentration range of hundreds of ng/L to μg/L have been identified in urban surface water, groundwater, and agricultural land where they cause various health risks. These pollutants are classified as emerging and cannot be efficiently removed by conventional wastewater treatment processes. The use of nano-enabled photocatalysts in the removal of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems has recently received research attention owing to their enhanced properties and effectiveness. In the current study, toxicological and environmental risks of enalapril (ENL) and their possible transformation products (TPs) generated under phototransformation processes (e.g., photolysis and photocatalysis reactions) were assessed. In photolysis reaction, removal of ENL was incomplete (< 16 %), while mineralization degree was negligible. In contrast, total removal of ENL was achieved through the photocatalytic process and its maximum mineralization ratio was 66 % by using natural radiation. Proposed transformation pathways during the phototransformation of ENL include hydroxylation and fragmentation reactions generating transformation products (TPs) such as hydroxylated TPs ( 393) and enalaprilat ( 349). Potential environmental risks for aquatic organisms were not observed in the concentrations of both ENL and enalaprilat contained in surface water. However, the acute and chronic toxicities prediction of TPs such as 409, 363, and 345 showed toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Thus, more studies regarding TPs monitoring for both ENL and PhACs with the highest occurrence worldwide are necessary for the creation of a database of the concentrations contained in surface water and groundwater for the assessment of the potential environmental risk for aquatic organisms.
在城市地表水、地下水和农业用地中已检测到浓度范围在数百纳克/升至微克/升的药物活性化合物（PACs），它们会引发各种健康风险。这些污染物被归类为新兴污染物，传统废水处理工艺无法有效去除。由于其增强的性能和有效性，近年来在水系统中使用纳米光催化剂去除药物受到了研究关注。在本研究中，评估了依那普利（ENL）及其在光转化过程（如光解和光催化反应）中可能产生的转化产物（TPs）的毒理学和环境风险。在光解反应中，依那普利的去除不完全（<16%），而矿化程度可忽略不计。相比之下，通过光催化过程实现了依那普利的完全去除，利用自然辐射时其最大矿化率为66%。依那普利光转化过程中提出的转化途径包括羟基化和碎片化反应，产生羟基化TPs（393）和依那普利拉（349）等转化产物。地表水中依那普利和依那普利拉的浓度均未观察到对水生生物的潜在环境风险。然而，对409、363和345等TPs的急性和慢性毒性预测显示对水生生物有毒性作用。因此，有必要对依那普利和全球出现频率最高的药物与个人护理用品（PhACs）的TPs监测进行更多研究，以建立地表水和地下水中所含浓度的数据库，用于评估水生生物的潜在环境风险。
