Integrating metabolomics into the diagnosis and investigation of anthelmintic resistance.

Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in parasitic nematodes poses a global health problem in livestock and domestic animals and is an emerging problem in humans. Consequently, we must understand the mechanisms of AR, including target-site resistance (TSR), in which mutations affect drug binding, and non-target site resistance (NTSR), which involves alterations in drug metabolism and detoxification processes. Because much of the focus has been on TSR, NTSR has received less attention. Here, we describe how metabolomics approaches using Caenorhabditis elegans offer the ability to disentangle nematode drug metabolism, identify metabolic changes associated with resistance, uncover novel biomarkers, and enhance diagnostic methods.