Kale Shivani R, Karande Geeta, Gudur Anand, Garud Aishwarya, Patil Monika S, Patil Satish
Molecular Biology and Genetics, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, IND.
Microbiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, IND.
Cureus. 2024 Oct 23;16(10):e72239. doi: 10.7759/cureus.72239. eCollection 2024 Oct.
Liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), poses a significant global health challenge due to its high mortality rate. Hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) are the two main types of primary liver cancer (PLC), each with its own set of complexities. Secondary or metastatic liver cancer is more common than PLC. It is frequently observed in malignancies such as colorectal, pancreatic, melanoma, lung, and breast cancer. Liver cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, making it difficult to treat. This highlights the need for focused research on early detection and effective treatment strategies. This review explores the epidemiology, risk factors, and diagnostic techniques for HCC. The development of HCC involves various risk factors, including chronic liver diseases, hepatitis B and C infections, alcohol consumption, obesity, smoking, and genetic predispositions. Various invasive and non-invasive diagnostic techniques, such as biopsy, liquid biopsy, and imaging modalities like ultrasonography, computed tomography scans (CT scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans, are utilized for HCC detection and monitoring. Advances in imaging technology and biomarker research have led to more accurate and sensitive methods for early HCC detection. We also reviewed advanced research on emerging techniques, including next-generation sequencing, metabolomics, epigenetic biomarkers, and microbiome analysis, which show great potential for advancing early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies. This literature review provides insights into the current state of liver cancer diagnosis and promising future advancements. Ongoing research and innovation in these areas are essential for improving early diagnosis and reducing the global burden of liver cancer.
肝癌，尤其是肝细胞癌（HCC），因其高死亡率而成为一项重大的全球健康挑战。肝细胞癌和肝内胆管癌（ICC）是原发性肝癌（PLC）的两种主要类型，每种类型都有其自身的一系列复杂性。继发性或转移性肝癌比原发性肝癌更为常见。它经常在诸如结直肠癌、胰腺癌、黑色素瘤、肺癌和乳腺癌等恶性肿瘤中出现。肝癌往往在晚期才被诊断出来，这使得治疗变得困难。这凸显了对早期检测和有效治疗策略进行重点研究的必要性。本综述探讨了肝细胞癌的流行病学、危险因素和诊断技术。肝细胞癌的发生涉及多种危险因素，包括慢性肝病、乙型和丙型肝炎感染、饮酒、肥胖、吸烟以及遗传易感性。各种侵入性和非侵入性诊断技术，如活检、液体活检以及超声检查、计算机断层扫描（CT扫描）、磁共振成像（MRI）和正电子发射断层扫描（PET）扫描等成像方式，都被用于肝细胞癌的检测和监测。成像技术和生物标志物研究的进展已带来了更准确、更灵敏的早期肝细胞癌检测方法。我们还综述了关于新兴技术的前沿研究，包括下一代测序、代谢组学、表观遗传生物标志物和微生物组分析，这些技术在推进早期诊断和个性化治疗策略方面显示出巨大潜力。这篇文献综述提供了对肝癌诊断现状和未来有望取得的进展的见解。这些领域正在进行的研究和创新对于改善早期诊断和减轻全球肝癌负担至关重要。
