Multi-objective optimization of cable-road layouts in smart forestry.

Current cable-road layouts for timber harvesting in steep terrain are often based on either manual planning or automated layouts generated from low-resolution GIS data, limiting potential benefits and informed decision-making. In this paper, we present a novel approach to improve cable-road design using multi-objective optimization based on realistic cable-road representations. We systematically compare the effectiveness of single-objective and multi-objective optimization methods for generating layouts using these representations. We implement and evaluate the performance of a weighted single-objective approach, the AUGMECON2 and NSGA-II multi-objective methods in comparison to a layout manually created by a forestry expert, taking into account installation costs, harvesting volumes, residual stand damage and lateral yarding workload. In addition to implementing the first linear programming multi-objective optimization for realistic cable-road representations by adapting AUGMECON2, we also present the first implementation of a multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) with simulated annealing for this purpose and evaluate their respective strengths. We find that the use of multi-objective optimization provides advantages in terms of cost-effective, balanced and adaptable cable-road layouts while allowing economic and environmental considerations to be incorporated into the design phase.