Mast cell activation by NGF drives the formation of trauma-induced heterotopic ossification.

Soft tissue trauma can cause immune system disturbance and neuropathological invasion, resulting in heterotopic ossification (HO) due to aberrant chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, the molecular mechanisms behind the interaction between the immune and nervous systems in promoting HO pathogenesis are unclear. In this study, we found that mast cell-specific deletion attenuated localized tissue inflammation, with marked inhibition of HO endochondral osteogenesis. Likewise, blockage of nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor, known as tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), led to similar attenuations in tissue inflammation and HO. Moreover, while NGF/TrkA signaling did not directly affect MSCs chondrogenic differentiation, it modulated mast cell activation in traumatic soft tissue. Mechanistically, lipid A in LPS binding to TrkA enhanced NGF-induced TrkA phosphorylation, synergistically stimulating mast cells to release neurotrophin-3 (NT3), thereby promoting MSC chondrogenic differentiation in situ. Finally, analysis of single-cell datasets and human pathological specimens confirmed the important role of mast cell-mediated neuroinflammation in HO pathogenesis. In conclusion, NGF regulates mast cells in soft tissue trauma and drives HO progression via paracrine NT3. Targeted early inhibition of mast cells holds substantial promise for treating traumatic HO.