Yu Ye, Fu Runqi, Jin Chunjia, Gao Huan, Han Lin, Fu Binlong, Qi Min, Li Qian, Suo Zhuo, Leng Jing
Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
Microorganisms. 2024 Nov 13;12(11):2302. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12112302.
Milk is rich in a variety of essential nutrients, including fats, proteins, and trace elements that are important for human health. In particular, milk fat has an alleviating effect on diseases such as heart disease and diabetes. Fatty acids, the basic units of milk fat, play an important role in many biological reactions in the body, including the involvement of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids in the formation of cell membranes. However, milk fat synthesis is a complex biological process involving multiple organs and tissues, and how to improve milk fat of dairy cows has been a hot research issue in the industry. There exists a close relationship between milk fat synthesis, genes, and microbial functions, as a result of the organic integration between the different tissues of the cow's organism and the external environment. This review paper aims (1) to highlight the synthesis and regulation of milk fat by the first and second genomes (gastrointestinal microbial genome) and (2) to discuss the effects of ruminal microorganisms and host metabolites on milk fat synthesis. Through exploring the interactions between the first and second genomes, and discovering the relationship between microbial and host metabolite in the milk fat synthesis pathway, it may become a new direction for future research on the mechanism of milk fat synthesis in dairy cows.
牛奶富含多种必需营养素，包括对人体健康至关重要的脂肪、蛋白质和微量元素。特别是乳脂肪对心脏病和糖尿病等疾病有缓解作用。脂肪酸作为乳脂肪的基本单位，在体内许多生物反应中发挥着重要作用，包括甘油磷脂和鞘脂参与细胞膜的形成。然而，乳脂肪合成是一个涉及多个器官和组织的复杂生物学过程，如何提高奶牛的乳脂肪一直是该行业研究的热点问题。由于奶牛机体不同组织与外部环境的有机整合，乳脂肪合成、基因和微生物功能之间存在密切关系。这篇综述文章旨在：（1）强调第一基因组和第二基因组（胃肠道微生物基因组）对乳脂肪的合成与调控；（2）讨论瘤胃微生物和宿主代谢产物对乳脂肪合成的影响。通过探索第一基因组和第二基因组之间的相互作用，以及发现乳脂肪合成途径中微生物与宿主代谢产物之间的关系，这可能成为未来奶牛乳脂肪合成机制研究的新方向。
