Parasitism as a potential driver of aposematism.

Aposematic animals couple unprofitability to predators, such as toxicity, with a warning signal, such as conspicuous coloration. Although toxicity and coloration can provide effective protection against predation, these traits also play a major role in the context of parasitism. Many of the color pigments used by aposematic animals are components of anti-infection immunity. Moreover, toxic compounds are used by conspicuous animals as defenses against parasites and pathogens. Parasites and pathogens not only pose selection on coloration through immunity and toxicity, they also play a major role in sexual selection, with mate choice often depending on conspicuous coloration and anti-infection toxicity. Consequently, parasitism is likely an important component in the evolution of traits that provide predator protection through aposematism.