Murphy P H
Semin Nucl Med. 1986 Apr;16(2):131-41. doi: 10.1016/s0001-2998(86)80026-5.
Guidelines for radiation protection originate from numerous federal, state, and local agencies. Webster defines a guideline as a line by which one is guided, especially as an outline (as by a government) of policy or conduct. Guidelines in radiation protection can be either mandatory or advisory. Regulations by federal, state, and local governments for the use of radioactive materials define operating practices. Adherence to these regulations is required by law and there are penalties for noncompliance. Regulations generally constitute the minimum requirements for good practice and are usually supplemented by less formal recommendations from regulatory agencies and advisory groups. The regulatory guides published by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and by radiation control groups of agreement states are intended to assist the user of radioactive material in maintaining compliance with regulations. These guides recommend good practice but are not mandatory in that the user can propose alternatives to the regulatory agencies to meet the regulations. Many groups serve in an advisory capacity in formulating reports and recommendations for the safe use of radioactive material. The most prominent and influential among these are the National Council in Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Often the recommendations of these advisory groups evolve into either regulatory guidelines or regulations for the use of radioactive materials. At the present time, the backbone of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's regulations relating to the medical use of radionuclides, "Standards for Protection Against Radiation" (10CFR20) and "Human Use of Byproduct Material (10CFR35), are undergoing extensive review with major revisions anticipated within the very near future. These proposed changes could have a significant impact on the practice of nuclear medicine. The changes will have some influence on radiation safety practice as it relates to the radiation worker, the patient, and the environment.
辐射防护指南源自众多联邦、州和地方机构。韦氏词典将指南定义为引导人们的一条线，尤其是（如政府制定的）政策或行为大纲。辐射防护指南可以是强制性的，也可以是建议性的。联邦、州和地方政府关于放射性物质使用的法规规定了操作规范。法律要求必须遵守这些法规，违规会受到处罚。法规通常构成良好操作的最低要求，监管机构和咨询小组通常会以不太正式的建议作为补充。核管理委员会（NRC）以及协议州的辐射控制小组发布的监管指南旨在帮助放射性物质使用者保持合规。这些指南推荐了良好操作，但不具有强制性，因为使用者可以向监管机构提出替代方案以符合法规。许多团体在为放射性物质的安全使用制定报告和建议时发挥咨询作用。其中最突出、最具影响力的是国家辐射防护与测量委员会（NCRP）和国际放射防护委员会（ICRP）。这些咨询小组的建议常常会演变为放射性物质使用的监管指南或法规。目前，核管理委员会关于放射性核素医疗用途的法规支柱，即《辐射防护标准》（10 CFR 20）和《副产品材料的人类使用》（10 CFR 35），正在接受广泛审查，预计在不久的将来会有重大修订。这些提议的更改可能会对核医学实践产生重大影响。这些更改将对与辐射工作人员、患者和环境相关的辐射安全实践产生一定影响。
