The application and prospects of drug delivery systems in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an interstitial lung disease primarily affecting elderly individuals aged >65 years and has a poor prognosis. No effective treatment is currently available for IPF. The two antipulmonary fibrosis drugs nintedanib and pirfenidone approved by the FDA in the United States have somewhat decelerated IPF progression. However, the side effects of these drugs can lead to poor patient tolerance and compliance with the medications. Researchers have recently developed various methods for IPF treatment, such as gene silencing and pathway inhibitors, which hold great promise in IPF treatment. Nevertheless, the nonselectivity and nonspecificity of drugs often affect their efficacies. Drug delivery systems (DDS) are crucial for delivering drugs to specific target tissues or cells, thereby minimizing potential side effects, enhancing drug bioavailability, and reducing lung deposition. This review comprehensively summarizes the current state of DDS and various delivery strategies for IPF treatment (e.g., nano-delivery, hydrogel delivery, and biological carrier delivery) to completely expound the delivery mechanisms of different drug delivery carriers. Subsequently, the advantages and disadvantages of different DDS are fully discussed. Finally, the challenges and difficulties associated with the use of different DDS are addressed so as to accelerate their rapid clinical translation.