The effect of preoperative smoking status on carotid endarterectomy outcomes in asymptomatic patients.

OBJECTIVE

The current medical landscape lacks comprehensive data regarding the impact of preoperative smoking status on both short and long-term outcomes for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). This study seeks to elucidate the influence of smoking cessation on in-hospital and long-term outcomes in this patient population.

METHODS

Data were collected from the Vascular Quality Initiative for all asymptomatic patients who underwent CEA from 2016 to 2023. Outcomes were compared across three different smoking status groups: never smoke (NS), current smoker (CS), and quit >30 days ago. Our primary outcomes included in-hospital stroke, death, and myocardial infarction. Secondary outcomes included 1-year and 3-year death. We used inverse probability of treatment weighting to balance the following preoperative factors: age, gender, race, ethnicity, body mass index, diabetes, coronary artery disease, prior congestive heart failure, renal dysfunction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, prior coronary artery bypass grafting/percutaneous coronary intervention, prior CEA/carotid artery stenting, degree of stenosis, urgency, anesthesia type, and medications.

RESULTS

The final analysis included 85,237 CEA cases with 22,343 NS (26.2%), 41,731 who quit >30 days ago (49.0%) , and 21,163 CS (24.8%). Notably, NS tended to be older and more likely to be female. In contrast, patients who quit >30 days ago were more likely to have comorbidities, including obesity, coronary artery disease, prior congestive heart failure, and CKD, as well as prior procedures. Patients who are CS were more likely to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and stenosis of >80%. After inverse probability of treatment weighting, we found no statistical difference for in-hospital stroke, death, myocardial infarction outcomes across the three groups. However, the long-term outcomes revealed quit >30 days ago and CS compared with NS had higher odds of 1-year death (odds ratio [OR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-1.5; P < .001; OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.6; P < .001) and 3-year death (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.6; P < .001; OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.4-1.7; P < .001), respectively. There was no significant difference in midterm mortality outcomes between those who quit >30 days ago and CS.

CONCLUSIONS

In this large national study, we found that smoking status did not emerge as a substantial determinant of adverse short-term outcomes for asymptomatic patients undergoing CEA. However, smoking did adversely affect midterm mortality in these patients. In light of these findings, our study suggests that delaying CEA for smokers may not be warranted. It is crucial to recognize that the complex relationship between smoking and surgical outcomes requires further exploration and validation through additional prospective studies.