Li Yanyang, Yao Binwei, Men Junqi, Pang Yueyue, Gao Jingchao, Bai Yanxin, Wang Hui, Zhang Jing, Zhao Li, Xu Xinping, Dong Ji, Li Congsheng, Peng Ruiyun
Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China.
Department of Electromagnetic Radiation, Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100082, PR China.
Reprod Toxicol. 2025 Mar;132:108759. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108759. Epub 2024 Nov 29.
The effect of multi-frequency electromagnetic environments on male reproduction has attracted the medical community's interest. Studies have investigated the effects and mechanisms of single-frequency microwave exposure on male reproduction, but comparative research on high-power microwave (HPM) composite and single exposure remains scarce. This study aimed to examine the effects and mechanisms of combined 1.5 GHz and 4.3 GHz microwave exposure on male reproduction. Male Wistar rats were exposed to 1.5 GHz (L-band) and 4.3 GHz (C-band) electromagnetic radiation for 15 minutes. The four groups were: sham, 10 mW/cm² L-band, 10 mW/cm² C-band, and 5 mW/cm² L-band and 5 mW/cm² C-band compound. Assessments were made on the pathological structures of testes, sperm viability, serum sex hormones, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism levels after radiation. Exposure to 1.5 GHz and 4.3 GHz microwaves individually resulted in testicular tissue damage and reduced sperm quality. There was little difference between the damage caused by HPM composite and single exposure. The exposed groups showed histological and ultrastructural changes, with reduced spermatozoa viability, motility parameters, and serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and serum inhibin-B on days 1 and 7 after exposure. These tended to recover partially by day 14. Adenosine triphosphate content and lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities in the exposed testicular tissue decreased, corresponding to decreased superoxide dismutase activity and increased malondialdehyde content. Both single and combined exposure to L- and C-band HPM affect the male reproductive system. Exposure to single and compound HPM shows no significant difference in risks, with oxidative stress and energy metabolism disturbances playing key roles.
多频电磁环境对雄性生殖的影响已引起医学界的关注。已有研究探讨了单频微波暴露对雄性生殖的影响及机制，但对高功率微波（HPM）复合暴露与单一暴露的对比研究仍很匮乏。本研究旨在探讨1.5 GHz和4.3 GHz微波联合暴露对雄性生殖的影响及机制。将雄性Wistar大鼠暴露于1.5 GHz（L波段）和4.3 GHz（C波段）电磁辐射下15分钟。四组分别为：假手术组、10 mW/cm² L波段组、10 mW/cm² C波段组和5 mW/cm² L波段与5 mW/cm² C波段复合组。在辐射后对睾丸的病理结构、精子活力、血清性激素、氧化应激和能量代谢水平进行评估。单独暴露于1.5 GHz和4.3 GHz微波会导致睾丸组织损伤并降低精子质量。HPM复合暴露和单一暴露造成的损伤差异不大。暴露组在暴露后第1天和第7天出现组织学和超微结构变化，精子活力、运动参数以及血清睾酮、黄体生成素、卵泡刺激素和血清抑制素B均降低。到第14天这些指标有部分恢复的趋势。暴露的睾丸组织中三磷酸腺苷含量以及乳酸脱氢酶和琥珀酸脱氢酶活性降低，同时超氧化物歧化酶活性降低，丙二醛含量增加。L波段和C波段HPM的单一暴露和联合暴露均会影响雄性生殖系统。单一暴露和复合暴露的风险无显著差异，氧化应激和能量代谢紊乱起关键作用。
