Senejko Alicja, Gurba Ewa, Oleś Piotr, Marek Mateusz, Franc Tomasz, Gurba Krzysztof
University of Lower Silesia, Wroclaw, Poland.
Pontifical University of John Paul II, Krakow, Poland.
Health Psychol Rep. 2024 Feb 29;12(4):308-321. doi: 10.5114/hpr/182931. eCollection 2024.
The article concerns the psychology of trauma: the intensity of the experienced threats and reactions to the trauma in the form of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), defenses and post-traumatic growth (PTG) in Ukrainian immigrants in Poland. The issues of trauma psychology were studied in connection with the relationships with parents.
The methods used mainly concerned the specifics of experiencing strong threats (trauma) and responding to them (PCL-5 questionnaire, Psycho-Social and Psychic Defenses Questionnaire, Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory), determination of closeness to parents (Scale of Closeness to Biological Parents) and secure and non-secure attachment style (Attachment Style Questionnaire). The subjects were 178 people (including 147 women and 31 men), citizens of Ukraine, who arrived in Poland after the outbreak of war on February 24, 2022, and at the time of the study were living in and around Krakow, Wroclaw, Lublin, or Warsaw. The mean age of the subjects was 38 years ( = 12.57).
The results of the study indicate that non-secure attachment styles (anxious-avoidant and anxious-ambivalent), along with frustration of the need for competence and intensity of threats, are predictors of PTSD and non-constructive defenses. In contrast, a secure attachment style, along with frustration of the need for competence and intensity of threats, is a predictor of constructive defenses, while a secure attachment style is a predictor of PTG. Statistical analyses show that closeness to the mother is not significantly associated with any of the explained variables.
The accumulation of risks associated with war trauma and the necessity to cope with them are strongly associated with the ongoing war. Attachment styles support or hinder the process of adaptation. The absence of closeness to the mother among the predictors in the models tested represents the most intriguing result, to be confirmed in further research.
本文关注创伤心理学：乌克兰移民在波兰经历的威胁强度以及以创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）形式对创伤的反应、防御机制和创伤后成长（PTG）。创伤心理学问题是结合与父母的关系进行研究的。
所使用的方法主要涉及经历强烈威胁（创伤）的具体情况以及对其的反应（PCL - 5问卷、心理社会和心理防御问卷、创伤后成长量表）、与父母的亲密程度测定（与亲生父母亲密程度量表）以及安全和不安全依恋风格（依恋风格问卷）。研究对象为178人（包括147名女性和31名男性），均为乌克兰公民，他们于2022年2月24日战争爆发后来到波兰，在研究时居住在克拉科夫、弗罗茨瓦夫、卢布林或华沙及其周边地区。研究对象的平均年龄为38岁（标准差 = 12.57）。
研究结果表明，不安全的依恋风格（焦虑 - 回避型和焦虑 - 矛盾型），连同能力需求的受挫和威胁强度，是创伤后应激障碍和非建设性防御的预测因素。相比之下，安全的依恋风格，连同能力需求的受挫和威胁强度，是建设性防御的预测因素，而安全的依恋风格是创伤后成长的预测因素。统计分析表明，与母亲的亲密程度与任何解释变量均无显著关联。
与战争创伤相关的风险积累以及应对这些风险的必要性与持续的战争密切相关。依恋风格支持或阻碍适应过程。在所测试模型的预测因素中，与母亲缺乏亲密程度是最引人关注的结果，有待进一步研究证实。
