The sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor Empagliflozin inhibits long QT 3 late sodium currents in a mutation specific manner.

BACKGROUND

Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) like empagliflozin have demonstrated cardioprotective effects in patients with or without diabetes. SGLT2is have been shown to selectively inhibit the late component of cardiac sodium current (late I). Induction of late I is the primary mechanism in the pathophysiology of congenital long QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3) gain-of-function mutations in the SCN5A gene encoding Nav1.5. We investigated empagliflozin's effect on late I in thirteen known LQT3 mutations located in distinct regions of the channel.

METHODS

The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to investigate the effect of empagliflozin on late I in recombinantly expressed Nav1.5 channels containing different LQT3 mutations. Molecular modeling of human Nav1.5 and simulations in a mathematical model of human ventricular myocytes were used to extrapolate our experimental results to excitation-contraction coupling.

RESULTS

Empagliflozin selectively inhibited late I in LQT3 mutations in the inactivation gate region of Nav1.5, without affecting peak current or channel kinetics. In contrast, empagliflozin inhibited both peak and late I in mutations in the S4 voltage-sensing regions, altered channel gating, and slowed recovery from inactivation. Empagliflozin had no effect on late/peak I or channel kinetics in channels with mutations in the putative empagliflozin binding region. Simulation results predict that empagliflozin may have a desirable therapeutic effect in LQT3 mutations in the inactivation gate region.

CONCLUSIONS

Empagliflozin selectively inhibits late I, without affecting channel kinetics, in LQT3 mutations in the inactivation gate region. Empagliflozin may thus be a promising precision medicine approach for patients with specific LQT3 mutations.