Riederer Anne M, Sherris Allison R, Szpiro Adam A, Melough Melissa M, Simpson Christopher D, Loftus Christine T, Day Drew B, Wallace Erin R, Trasande Leonardo, Barrett Emily S, Nguyen Ruby Hn, Kannan Kurunthachalam, Robinson Morgan, Swan Shanna H, Mason W Alex, Bush Nicole R, Sathyanarayana Sheela, LeWinn Kaja Z, Karr Catherine J
Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Environ Res. 2025 Feb 1;266:120516. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120516. Epub 2024 Dec 2.
PAH exposure is associated with adverse health outcomes, but exposure sources in pregnancy are not well-understood.
We examined associations between urinary OH-PAHs during pregnancy and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and short-term ambient air pollution exposure. Participants included 1603 pregnant non-smokers in three cohorts from 7 sites across the USA. We also examined associations with intake of foods typically high in PAHs in one cohort with dietary assessment data (n = 801).
Urinary OH-PAHs were measured using LC-MS/MS; urinary cotinine was measured using SPE/UPLC-MS/MS. To accommodate different detection limits by cohort, ETS exposure was represented by modified cotinine quartiles; these combined concentrations below the highest detection limit in the first category (0-0.017 ng/mL), with the rest divided evenly into three categories (0.0171-0.2 ng/mL, 0.21-1.191 ng/mL, 1.192-1465 ng/mL). Air pollution exposure was represented by quartiles of same-day ambient PM in residential census tracts estimated from EPA's Downscaler Model. We fitted separate Tobit regression models for log-OH-PAH concentrations in association with cotinine or ambient PM quartile adjusted for specific gravity, site, batch, household income, education, employment status, neighborhood deprivation index, season, and year. For the food model, PAH dietary intakes were estimated using food frequency questionnaire data and standard portion weights from a national database.
In adjusted models, the highest modified cotinine quartile vs. the lowest was associated with 48% (95% CI: 13%, 94%) higher urinary 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 36% (15%, 61%) higher 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 41% (23%, 63%) higher 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 70% (28%, 127%) higher 1-hydroxypyrene. Second and third quartile cotinine concentrations were associated with higher OH-PAHs, although not consistently. Same-day ambient PM was not associated with any OH-PAH, nor was self-reported dietary intake.
ETS is a major source of PAH exposure for pregnant people in the USA while ambient PM and diet measured via usual intakes appear less influential. Our findings underscore the importance of policies/actions to reduce environmental tobacco smoke exposure among pregnant people.
接触多环芳烃（PAH）与不良健康后果相关，但孕期的接触源尚不清楚。
我们研究了孕期尿中羟基多环芳烃（OH-PAHs）与环境烟草烟雾（ETS）及短期环境空气污染暴露之间的关联。参与者包括来自美国7个地点3个队列的1603名非吸烟孕妇。我们还在一个有膳食评估数据的队列中（n = 801）研究了与通常富含PAHs的食物摄入量的关联。
使用液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）测定尿中OH-PAHs；使用固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（SPE/UPLC-MS/MS）测定尿中可替宁。为适应不同队列的检测限，ETS暴露用修正后的可替宁四分位数表示；这些组合浓度在第一类别中低于最高检测限（0 - 0.017 ng/mL），其余均匀分为三个类别（0.0171 - 0.2 ng/mL、0.21 - 1.191 ng/mL、1.192 - 1465 ng/mL）。空气污染暴露用根据美国环保署的降尺度模型估算的居住人口普查区当日环境细颗粒物（PM）四分位数表示。我们针对经比重、地点、批次、家庭收入、教育程度、就业状况、邻里贫困指数、季节和年份调整后的可替宁或环境PM四分位数，分别拟合对数OH-PAH浓度的托比特回归模型。对于食物模型，使用食物频率问卷数据和国家数据库中的标准份量权重估算PAH膳食摄入量。
在调整后的模型中，最高修正可替宁四分位数与最低四分位数相比，尿中1-羟基萘高48%（95%置信区间：13%，94%）、2-羟基萘高36%（15%，61%）、3-羟基菲高41%（23%，63%）、1-羟基芘高70%（28%，127%）。第二和第三四分位数的可替宁浓度与较高的OH-PAHs相关，尽管并非始终如此。当日环境PM与任何OH-PAH均无关联，自我报告的膳食摄入量也无关联。
在美国，ETS是孕妇接触PAH的主要来源，而通过常规摄入量测量的环境PM和饮食的影响似乎较小。我们的研究结果强调了减少孕妇接触环境烟草烟雾的政策/行动的重要性。
