Shital Shital, Madan Evanka, Selvapandiyan Angamuthu, Kumar Ganguly Nirmal
Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, India.
Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India.
Indian J Med Res. 2024;160(3&4):323-337. doi: 10.25259/IJMR_1040_2024.
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by various species of the Leishmania parasite, manifesting in visceral (VL), cutaneous (CL), and mucocutaneous (MCL) forms. To combat this debilitating disease, various vaccines candidates including proteins, DNA, vectors, adjuvants, and recombinant whole parasites have been developed and tested experimentally and preclinically against several Leishmania species. Some vaccines have already entered human clinical trials. These vaccines aim to induce protective immunity using specific antigens. This review examines all efforts to develop recombinant vaccines against the parasite, analyzing successes including commercially available canine vaccines and the overall challenges faced in the quest to eradicate the disease. Additionally, recent advances in vaccine delivery systems, such as viral vectors and non-pathogenic bacteria, offer promising avenues to enhance immunogenicity and improve the targeted delivery of antigens, potentially leading to more effective and long-lasting immune responses. By understanding past and current efforts, future strategies can be refined to create more effective vaccines and ultimately control or eradicate this parasitic disease.
利什曼病是由多种利什曼原虫寄生虫引起的一种寄生虫病，表现为内脏型（VL）、皮肤型（CL）和黏膜皮肤型（MCL）。为了对抗这种使人衰弱的疾病，已经开发了各种候选疫苗，包括蛋白质、DNA、载体、佐剂和重组全寄生虫，并在实验和临床前针对几种利什曼原虫物种进行了测试。一些疫苗已经进入人体临床试验。这些疫苗旨在使用特定抗原来诱导保护性免疫。本综述研究了开发针对该寄生虫的重组疫苗的所有努力，分析了包括市售犬用疫苗在内的成功案例以及在根除该疾病的探索中面临的总体挑战。此外，疫苗递送系统的最新进展，如病毒载体和非致病细菌，为增强免疫原性和改善抗原的靶向递送提供了有前景的途径，有可能导致更有效和持久的免疫反应。通过了解过去和当前的努力，可以完善未来的策略，以创造更有效的疫苗，并最终控制或根除这种寄生虫病。
