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印度的农药污染:环境与健康风险及政策挑战。

Pesticide pollution in India: Environmental and health risks, and policy challenges.

作者信息

Kashyap Urvashi, Garg Shivani, Arora Pooja

机构信息

Institute of Environmental Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India.

出版信息

Toxicol Rep. 2024 Nov 9;13:101801. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101801. eCollection 2024 Dec.

Abstract

Intensive agriculture practices in India to meet the food demand of the increasing population have led to the use of agrochemicals such as pesticides in higher quantities to increase productivity resulting in contamination of the environment. Pesticides control pests, weeds, and diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Despite bans on pesticides such as organochlorides (OC), organophosphate (OP), or synthetic pyrethroids ranging from minimal to excessive, are detected in soil, surface water, and groundwater often exceeding WHO and BIS safety limits. The predominantly found pesticides were DDT, HCH, Endosulfan, malathion, chlorpyrifos, atrazine, endrin, cypermethrin, dichlorvos, etc. Different ranges of pesticides were detected in different states (Kashmir, UP, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Rajasthan, Haryana, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, etc.) of India, which demonstrate that pesticides can persist in the environment and later can show bioaccumulation in the food chain. The article explores the consequences of this pollution such as biomagnification, bioaccumulation, and risks to human health and ecological integrity. This article also covers the adverse effects of pesticides such as carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and endocrine-disrupting properties along with the importance of developing new policies or strengthening the current policies and regulations to monitor the use of pesticides.

摘要

印度为满足不断增长的人口的粮食需求而采用的集约化农业做法,导致大量使用农药等农用化学品以提高产量,从而造成环境污染。农药可控制植物、动物和人类中的害虫、杂草和疾病。尽管对有机氯(OC)、有机磷(OP)或合成拟除虫菊酯等农药实施了从最低限度到全面的禁令,但在土壤、地表水和地下水中仍检测到这些农药,其含量常常超过世界卫生组织(WHO)和印度标准局(BIS)的安全限值。主要检测到的农药有滴滴涕(DDT)、六氯环己烷(HCH)、硫丹、马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、莠去津、异狄氏剂、氯氰菊酯、敌敌畏等。在印度的不同邦(克什米尔、北方邦、泰米尔纳德邦、喀拉拉邦、拉贾斯坦邦、哈里亚纳邦、阿萨姆邦、中央邦等)检测到了不同种类的农药,这表明农药可在环境中持续存在,随后可能在食物链中出现生物累积。本文探讨了这种污染的后果,如生物放大、生物累积以及对人类健康和生态完整性的风险。本文还阐述了农药的致癌、致畸、致突变和内分泌干扰特性等不利影响,以及制定新政策或加强现行政策法规以监测农药使用的重要性。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e10e/11615616/31509f1af6e8/ga1.jpg

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