BACKGROUND: Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) skills are essential for nurses. During the COVID-19 pandemic, augmented reality (AR) technologies were incorporated into medical education to increase learning motivation and accessibility. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine whether AR for educational applications can significantly improve crash cart learning, learning motivation, cognitive load, and system usability. It focused on a subgroup of nurses with less than 2 years of experience. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial study was conducted in a medical center in southern Taiwan. An ACLS cart training course was developed using AR technologies in the first stage. Additionally, the efficacy of the developed ACLS training course was evaluated. The AR group used a crash cart learning system developed with AR technology, while the control group received traditional lecture-based instruction. Both groups were evaluated immediately after the course. Performance was assessed through learning outcomes related to overall ACLS and crash cart use. The Instructional Materials Motivation Survey, System Usability Scale, and Cognitive Load Theory Questionnaire were also used to assess secondary outcomes in the AR group. Subgroup analyses were performed for nurses with less than 2 years of experience. RESULTS: All 102 nurses completed the course, with 43 nurses in the AR group and 59 nurses in the control group. The AR group outperformed the control group regarding overall ACLS outcomes and crash cart learning outcomes (P=.002; P=.01). The improvement rate was the largest for new staff regardless of the overall learning effect and the crash cart effect. Subgroup analysis revealed that nurses with less than 2 years of experience in the AR group showed more significant improvements in both overall learning (P<.001) and crash cart outcomes (P<.001) compared to their counterparts in the control group. For nurses with more than 2 years of experience, no significant differences were found between the AR and control groups in posttraining learning outcomes for the crash cart (P=.32). The AR group demonstrated high scores for motivation (Instructional Materials Motivation Survey mean score 141.65, SD 19.25) and system usability (System Usability Scale mean score 90.47, SD 11.91), as well as a low score for cognitive load (Cognitive Load Theory Questionnaire mean score 15.42, SD 5.76). CONCLUSIONS: AR-based learning significantly improves ACLS knowledge and skills, especially for nurses with less experience, compared to traditional methods. The high usability and motivational benefits of AR suggest its potential for broader applications in nursing education. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06057285; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06057285.