Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Biomarkers in Addictive Disorders.

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and their role in mental and addictive disorders are extremely promising research areas. Because of their small size, sEVs can pass through the blood-brain barrier. The membrane of sEVs contain proteins that protect them against destruction by the organism's immune system. Due to these properties, sEVs circulating in the blood can be used as potential biomarkers of processes occurring in the brain. Exposure to psychoactive substances   and affects sEV biogenesis and significantly alters the amount of sEVs and chemical composition of their cargo. Based on the published reports, sEVs carry numerous potential biomarkers of addictive pathologies, although the diagnostic significance of these markers still has to be evaluated. A large body of evidence indicates that psychoactive substances influence Rab family GTPases, Toll-like receptors, complement system components, and cytokines. In some studies, the effect of psychoactive substances on sEVs was found to be sex-dependent. It has become commonly accepted that sEVs are involved in the regulation of neuroinflammation and interaction between glial cells and neurons, as well as between peripheral cells and cells of the central nervous system. Here, we formulated a hypothesis on the existence of two mechanisms/stages involved in the effect of psychoactive substances on sEVs: the "fast" mechanism that provides neuroplasticity, and the "slow" one, resulting from the impaired biogenesis of sEVs and formation of aberrant vesicles.