Comparison of headache and facial pain prevalence and phenotype in upper respiratory tract infections of differing origins - a cross-sectional study.

AIM OF STUDY

This study aimed to compare headache and facial pain prevalence and headache phenotype among people with common upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs).

CLINICAL RATIONALE FOR STUDY

Headache is a common symptom in viral URTI, but its phenotyping has so far been limited to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza. Additionally, the prevalence of facial pain in URTIs has only rarely been discussed in scientific publications.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Patients with acute URTI symptoms were evaluated for headache phenotype using a semi-structured questionnaire. Antigen swab tests were performed in all participants.

RESULTS

The analysis included 276 URTI/APVRS (acute post-viral rhinosinusitis) episodes in 223 patients (136 women, 60.1%) aged 18-73 [mean 41.3 / median (25th, 75th) 40 / standard deviation 15.1]. Participants were diagnosed with: COVID-19 - 107/276 (38.8%); 'common cold' - 103/276 (37.3%); influenza - 36/276 (13.0%); or APVRS - 30/276 (10.9%). Headache was present in 183/276 (66.3%) and URTIs and facial pain in 107/276 (38.8%). Predictors of headache in URTIs included sinonasal symptoms (odds ratio (OR) 10.70, p < 0.001) and fever (OR 2.9, p = 0.004). Headache more often (p = 0.030) had a migraine-like phenotype in COVID-19 (27.4% (20/73) vs. 9.1% (10/110) and tension-type headache (TTH)-like phenotype in 'common cold' (75.4%, 49/64 vs. 61.3%, 73/119). Previous COVID-19 immunisation (vaccination or infection) was associated (p = 0.004) with a lower prevalence of migraine-like headache [6.3% (1/16) vs. 32.8% (19/58)].

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Headache and facial pain are prevalent during URTIs, and are associated with general and sinonasal immune response rather than virus type. Headache phenotype may depend on the causative microorganism, but it can evolve in response to previous immunisation. Our study supports vaccination against COVID-19, as people with prior immunisation are probably less likely to experience migraine-like headache.