Casagrande Sarah S., Gary-Webb Tiffany L.
DLH, LLC, Bethesda, MD
University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, PA
This article describes the sociodemographic characteristics of youth and adults with diabetes in the United States, overall and by diabetes type when available, and compares their characteristics to persons without diagnosed diabetes based on national data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). In the NHIS 2021–2022, the age distribution of all persons with diagnosed diabetes was older than persons without diagnosed diabetes (mean age 61.2 years vs. 37.6 years). Adults with type 1 diabetes were younger than adults with type 2 diabetes (mean age 47.1 years vs. 62.5 years). For the race and ethnicity distribution, a higher proportion of adults with diagnosed diabetes were non-Hispanic Black persons and a lower proportion were non-Hispanic White persons compared to those without diabetes (15.7% vs. 11.4% and 57.3% vs. 64.3%, respectively). The proportion of non-Hispanic White persons was highest for adults with type 1 diabetes compared to those with type 2 diabetes and those without diabetes (75.3% vs. 56.6% and 64.3%, respectively). Among adults with diagnosed diabetes, a higher proportion of non-Hispanic White persons and a lower proportion of non-Hispanic Black persons were men (54.3% vs. 45.7% women and 42.7% vs. 57.3% women, respectively). In the NHIS 2021–2022, the majority of adults with or without diagnosed diabetes lived in metropolitan counties (83.5% and 86.7%, respectively), but compared to those without diabetes, slightly more adults with diagnosed diabetes lived in nonmetropolitan counties (16.5% vs. 13.3%, respectively) and in the South (42.6% vs. 37.6%, respectively). The level of attained education was lower in adults with diagnosed diabetes compared to those without diabetes (21.2% vs. 38.4% graduated with bachelor’s degree or higher), and this difference persisted when stratified by age group. Hispanic persons with diagnosed diabetes had the highest prevalence of having less than a high school education compared to persons with diabetes of all other race/ethnicity groups (40.5% vs. 10.4%–19.4%). Compared to adults without diabetes, persons with diagnosed diabetes were more often: living below the poverty threshold (poverty income ratio <1.00: 13.1% vs. 9.3%), food insecure (11.0% vs. 6.5%), receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits (food stamps; 18.6% vs. 12.2%), and receiving rental assistance (20.5% vs. 8.5%); these differences persisted when stratified by age group. Among adults that reported not working in the past week, those with diagnosed diabetes more often reported being disabled as the main reason for not working compared to persons without diabetes (25.2% vs. 14.3%), and this difference persisted regardless of age. National data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2015–March 2020 were used to compare characteristics among adults with diagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes, prediabetes, and no diabetes and among youth with diagnosed diabetes, prediabetes, and no diabetes. Adults with prediabetes were younger (37.6% age 20–44 years) than those with undiagnosed diabetes or diagnosed diabetes (21.6% and 12.7% age 20–44 years, respectively), but the distributions of sex and race/ethnicity were similar for these diabetes status groups. Among youth with prediabetes, there were more males than females, and the majority were non-Hispanic White persons (52.0%), followed by Hispanic persons (27.2%).
本文介绍了美国糖尿病青年和成年人的社会人口学特征，包括总体特征以及按糖尿病类型（如有可用数据）划分的特征，并根据国家健康访谈调查（NHIS）的全国数据，将他们的特征与未诊断出糖尿病的人群进行比较。在2021 - 2022年的NHIS中，所有已诊断糖尿病患者的年龄分布比未诊断出糖尿病的患者年龄更大（平均年龄61.2岁对37.6岁）。1型糖尿病成年患者比2型糖尿病成年患者年轻（平均年龄47.1岁对62.5岁）。在种族和族裔分布方面，与未患糖尿病者相比，已诊断糖尿病的成年人中，非西班牙裔黑人的比例更高，非西班牙裔白人的比例更低（分别为15.7%对11.4%和57.3%对64.3%）。与2型糖尿病患者和未患糖尿病者相比，1型糖尿病成年患者中非西班牙裔白人的比例最高（分别为75.3%对56.6%和64.3%）。在已诊断糖尿病的成年人中，非西班牙裔白人男性的比例更高，非西班牙裔黑人男性的比例更低（分别为54.3%对45.7%女性和42.7%对57.3%女性）。在2021 - 2022年的NHIS中，大多数已诊断或未诊断糖尿病的成年人居住在大都市县（分别为83.5%和86.7%），但与未患糖尿病者相比，已诊断糖尿病的成年人中，居住在非大都市县的比例略高（分别为16.5%对13.3%），居住在南部的比例也略高（分别为42.6%对37.6%）。与未患糖尿病的成年人相比，已诊断糖尿病的成年人获得的教育水平较低（获得学士学位或更高学位的比例分别为21.2%对38.4%），并且按年龄组分层时这种差异依然存在。与所有其他种族/族裔糖尿病患者群体相比，已诊断糖尿病的西班牙裔人群中，受教育程度低于高中的患病率最高（40.5%对10.4% - 19.4%）。与未患糖尿病的成年人相比，已诊断糖尿病的人更常出现以下情况：生活在贫困线以下（贫困收入比<1.00：13.1%对9.3%）、粮食不安全（11.0%对6.5%）、领取补充营养援助计划福利（食品券；18.6%对12.2%）以及领取租金援助（20.5%对8.5%）；按年龄组分层时这些差异依然存在。在过去一周报告未工作的成年人中，与未患糖尿病者相比，已诊断糖尿病的人更常报告因残疾是未工作的主要原因（25.2%对14.3%），且无论年龄大小这种差异都存在。使用2015年 - 2020年3月国家健康和营养检查调查（NHANES）的全国数据，比较已诊断糖尿病、未诊断糖尿病、糖尿病前期和无糖尿病的成年人以及已诊断糖尿病、糖尿病前期和无糖尿病的青年之间的特征。糖尿病前期的成年人比未诊断糖尿病或已诊断糖尿病的成年人年轻（20 - 44岁的比例分别为37.6%、21.6%和12.7%），但这些糖尿病状态组的性别和种族/族裔分布相似。在患有糖尿病前期的青年中，男性多于女性，大多数是非西班牙裔白人（52.0%），其次是西班牙裔（27.2%）。
