O-GlcNAcylation of progranulin promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation.

Progranulin (PGRN) is overexpressed and implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development; however, its post-translational modifications and regulatory mechanisms in HCC remain largely unexplored. Here, the expression levels of PGRN, OGT, and O-GlcNAcylation were found to be elevated in both HCC samples and cell lines. LC-MS/MS analysis and immunoprecipitation revealed that PGRN underwent O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification at threonine 272 (Thr272). Co-immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy confirmed the interaction and colocalization of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) with PGRN. Reducing O-GlcNAcylation increased the ubiquitination of PGRN, while increasing O-GlcNAcylation inhibited ubiquitination and elevated PGRN stability, as measured by cycloheximide (CHX) chase experiments. This regulation of PGRN stability was directly linked to its expression levels. Moreover, mutation at the primary O-GlcNAc site Thr272 inhibited the activity of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and suppressed HCC cell proliferation. Together, our findings indicate that O-GlcNAcylation at Thr272 is essential for PGRN-driven HCC cell proliferation.