Das Alisha, Giri Balendu Shekher, Manjunatha Roopa
Energy Institute Bengaluru (Centre of Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology), Bengaluru, 562 114, Karnataka, India.
School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Pin 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2025 Jan;32(1):1-22. doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-35698-1. Epub 2024 Dec 12.
The ONG industry emits VOC such as BTEX, which pose health risks to workers. This study analyzed peer-reviewed research articles to provide BTEX emission profiles from three primary ONG operations and their associated health risks. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews) was used to choose relevant articles for this review paper. The analysis revealed that in ONG operation, upstream operations involving gas flaring (benzene: 0.115 ± 0.1 ppmv, toluene: 0.029 ± 0.001 ppmv, ethylbenzene: 0.002 ± 0.001 ppmv, xylene: 0.123 ± 0.001 ppmv) contributed to relatively lower concentration of BTEX emission. Meanwhile, midstream operation involving tanker loading (benzene: 5.391 ± 28.670 ppmv, toluene:10.376 ± 48.929 ppmv, ethylbenzene:1.583 ± 6.563 ppmv, xylene:2.067 ± 9.211 ppmv) contributed to significant BTEX emission. On the other hand, downstream operations involving refinery operation zone (benzene: 3.5 ± 1.69 ppmv, toluene: 4 ± 0.87 ppmv, ethylbenzene: 1.2 ± 0.24 ppmv, xylene: 6.6 ± 1.34 ppmv) and refueling station (benzene: 1.164 ± 0.408 ppmv, toluene: 2.394 ± 1.086 ppmv, ethylbenzene: 1.301 ± 0.779 ppmv, xylene: 1.736 ± 0.898 ppmv) exhibited higher BTEX emissions. The Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) for benzene was greater than 10 near gasoline pump stations (1400 × 10) and during loading operations (160 × 10). Ethylbenzene also had a significant LCR value of 1000 × 10 during loading operations. Other ONG activities like gas flaring, inspection operations, and gasoline station pumps have hazard ratio value of > 1. The study highlights BTEX emissions in all three ONG sectors, with significant contributions from midstream tanker loading and downstream refinery and refueling stations. E-nose techniques are promising for BTEX detection due to their real-time measurement capabilities and ease of use. Some Asian countries have reported benzene concentrations exceeding permissible limits during tanker loading and refueling operations. Overall, BTEX emissions are a cause for concern and should be addressed in ONG operations.
石油和天然气行业会排放苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯等挥发性有机化合物，这对工人的健康构成风险。本研究分析了经过同行评审的研究文章，以提供来自石油和天然气行业三个主要运营环节及其相关健康风险的苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯排放概况。本综述论文采用系统评价的首选报告项目（PRISMA）来选择相关文章。分析表明，在石油和天然气运营中，涉及气体燃烧的上游作业（苯：0.115±0.1 ppmv，甲苯：0.029±0.001 ppmv，乙苯：0.002±0.001 ppmv，二甲苯：0.123±0.001 ppmv）导致苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯排放浓度相对较低。同时，涉及油轮装载的中游作业（苯：5.391±28.670 ppmv，甲苯：10.376±48.929 ppmv，乙苯：1.583±6.563 ppmv，二甲苯：2.067±9.211 ppmv）导致苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯大量排放。另一方面，涉及炼油作业区（苯：3.5±1.69 ppmv，甲苯：4±0.87 ppmv，乙苯：1.2±0.24 ppmv，二甲苯：6.6±1.34 ppmv）和加油站（苯：1.164±0.408 ppmv，甲苯：2.394±1.086 ppmv，乙苯：1.301±0.779 ppmv，二甲苯：1.736±0.898 ppmv）的下游作业表现出较高的苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯排放。在汽油泵站附近（1400×10）和装载作业期间（160×10），苯的终生癌症风险（LCR）大于10。在装载作业期间，乙苯的LCR值也显著为1000×10。其他石油和天然气活动，如气体燃烧、检查作业和加油站油泵，危害比值>1。该研究强调了石油和天然气行业所有三个环节的苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯排放，中游油轮装载以及下游炼油厂和加油站贡献显著。电子鼻技术因其实时测量能力和易用性，在苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯检测方面很有前景。一些亚洲国家报告称，在油轮装载和加油作业期间，苯浓度超过了允许限值。总体而言，苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯排放令人担忧，应在石油和天然气运营中加以解决。
