Suganya S, Ashok Ben Sundra, Ajith Thekkuttuparambil Ananthanarayanan
Department of Biochemistry, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Department of Biochemistry, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
Cell Biochem Funct. 2024 Dec;42(8):e70025. doi: 10.1002/cbf.70025.
Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease responsible for 60%-80% dementia cases globally. The disease is more prevalent among elder females. Female reproductive hormones are found to be essential for cellular activities in brain. The physiological role of neurotrophins and sex hormones in hippocampal region during neurogenesis and neuron differentiation was studied as well. In addition to triggering cellular pathways, estrogen and progesterone carry out a number of biological processes that lead to neuroprotection. They might have an impact on learning and memory. One of estrogen's modest antioxidant properties is its direct scavenging of free radicals. The neurotrophic effect of estrogen and progesterone can be explained by their ability to rise the expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA. Additionally, they have the ability to degrade beta-amyloid and stop inflammation, apoptotic neuronal cell death, and tau protein phosphorylation. To enhance their neuroprotective action, various cross-talking pathways in cells that are mediated by estrogen, progesterone, and BDNF receptors. This include signaling by mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, and phospholipase/protein kinase C. Clinical research to establish the significance of these substances are fragmented, despite publications claiming a lower prevalence of AD when medication is started before menopause. This review article emphasizes an update on the role of estrogen, and progesterone in AD.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）是全球60%-80%痴呆病例的主要病因之一，是最常见的神经退行性疾病。该疾病在老年女性中更为普遍。研究发现女性生殖激素对大脑中的细胞活动至关重要。同时也研究了神经营养因子和性激素在神经发生和神经元分化过程中在海马区的生理作用。除了触发细胞信号通路外，雌激素和孕酮还执行许多导致神经保护的生物学过程，它们可能对学习和记忆产生影响。雌激素适度的抗氧化特性之一是其直接清除自由基的能力。雌激素和孕酮的神经营养作用可以通过它们提高脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）mRNA表达的能力来解释。此外，它们还具有降解β-淀粉样蛋白、阻止炎症、凋亡性神经元细胞死亡和tau蛋白磷酸化的能力。为了增强它们的神经保护作用，雌激素、孕酮和BDNF受体介导细胞内各种相互作用的信号通路，这包括丝裂原活化蛋白激酶/细胞外调节激酶、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B以及磷脂酶/蛋白激酶C的信号传导。尽管有研究称在绝经前开始用药时AD的患病率较低，但确定这些物质重要性的临床研究仍不完整。这篇综述文章强调了雌激素和孕酮在AD中作用的最新进展。
