Meng Yuhua, Yao Zhimeng, Ke Xiurong, Hu Mengyuan, Ren Hongzheng, Gao Shegan, Zhang Hao
Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, and Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, and Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
J Control Release. 2025 Feb 10;378:438-459. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.12.010. Epub 2024 Dec 21.
Cancer vaccines are promising therapeutic approaches to enhance specific T-cell immunity against most solid tumors. By stimulating anti-tumor immunity, clearing minimal residual disease, and minimizing adverse effects, these vaccines target tumor cells and are effective when combined with immune checkpoint blockade or other immunotherapies. However, the development of tumor cell-based vaccines faces quality issues due to poor immunogenicity, tumor heterogeneity, a suppressive tumor immune microenvironment, and ineffective delivery methods. In contrast, extracellular vesicles (EVs), naturally released by cells, are considered the ideal drug carriers and vaccine platforms. EVs offer highly organ-specific targeting, induce broader and more effective immune responses, and demonstrate superior tissue delivery ability. The development of EV vaccines is crucial for advancing cancer immunotherapy. Compared to cell-based vaccines, EV vaccines produced under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) offer advantages such as high safety, ease of preservation and transport, and a wide range of sources. This review summarizes the latest research findings on EV vaccine and potential applications in this field. It also highlights novel neoantigens for the development of EV vaccines against cancer.
癌症疫苗是增强针对大多数实体瘤的特异性T细胞免疫的有前景的治疗方法。通过刺激抗肿瘤免疫、清除微小残留病灶并将不良反应降至最低，这些疫苗靶向肿瘤细胞，并且在与免疫检查点阻断或其他免疫疗法联合使用时有效。然而，由于免疫原性差、肿瘤异质性、抑制性肿瘤免疫微环境以及无效的递送方法，基于肿瘤细胞的疫苗的开发面临质量问题。相比之下，细胞自然释放的细胞外囊泡（EVs）被认为是理想的药物载体和疫苗平台。EVs具有高度的器官特异性靶向性，可诱导更广泛、更有效的免疫反应，并表现出卓越的组织递送能力。EV疫苗的开发对于推进癌症免疫治疗至关重要。与基于细胞的疫苗相比，按照药品生产质量管理规范（GMP）生产的EV疫苗具有高安全性、易于保存和运输以及来源广泛等优点。本综述总结了关于EV疫苗的最新研究发现及其在该领域的潜在应用。它还强调了用于开发抗癌EV疫苗的新型新抗原。
