Lin Dachao, Shen Xinxu, Tan Caiwei, Zhang Han, Chen Rui, Du Xing, Liang Heng
School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
Water Res. 2025 Mar 15;272:122940. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122940. Epub 2024 Dec 9.
Algae-laden brackish water (ABW) has remarkably threatened drinking water safety in warm coastal areas. Although gravity-driven ceramic membrane filtration (GDCM) exhibits high potential in ABW treatment during decentralized water supply, membrane fouling is still a critical problem. Herein, GDCM was skillfully electro-functionalized (EGDCM) by in-situ electro-oxidation (ISEO) based on self-fabricated Ti/SnO-Sb dimensionally stable anode (DSA) (EO-EGDCM) and ex-situ electro-coagulation (ESEC) based on iron anode (EC-EGDCM) in this study. EO-EGDCM with KMnO augment (MnEO-EGDCM) was also established for comparison. Results show that ISEO increased GDCM membrane permeability by 22 %, while EC-EGDCM membrane flux was nearly 4.8 times that of GDCM. ISEO enhanced the early removal of organic pollution, and KMnO facilitated the active chlorine oxidization of ammonia and algal toxins on electrified Ti/SnO2-Sb DSA by suppressing the transformation of free chlorine to less reactive chloramines. Both algae cell permeabilization and intracellular organic matter release were enhanced by ISEO. But SEM-EDS, CLSM and biomass analysis evidenced that membrane biological process, which was improved by 32 %∼323 % by electrical stimulation, developed porous structures in the fouling layer in EO-EGDCM/MnEO-EGDCM. According to energy consumption and carbon emissions evaluation, GDCM was confirmed as an energy-saving system for treating ABW with the consumption of only 3.47 × 10 kWh/m. Electricity demand was increased for EGDCM but still considerably lower than that for other algae-laden water treatment processes. EC-EGDCM reduced energy consumption and carbon emission by around 80 % compared to EC-EGDCM/MnEO-EGDCM. Electro-functionalization was a promising option to improve GDCM treatment of ABW via multiple mechanisms but further optimization was still required.
富含藻类的微咸水（ABW）对温暖沿海地区的饮用水安全构成了严重威胁。尽管重力驱动陶瓷膜过滤（GDCM）在分散式供水过程中处理ABW具有很大潜力，但膜污染仍是一个关键问题。在本研究中，基于自制的Ti/SnO-Sb尺寸稳定阳极（DSA）通过原位电氧化（ISEO）对GDCM进行巧妙的电功能化（EGDCM）（EO-EGDCM），以及基于铁阳极通过异位电凝聚（ESEC）进行电功能化（EC-EGDCM）。还建立了添加KMnO₄的EO-EGDCM（MnEO-EGDCM）用于比较。结果表明，ISEO使GDCM膜的渗透率提高了22%，而EC-EGDCM的膜通量几乎是GDCM的4.8倍。ISEO增强了对有机污染物的早期去除，KMnO₄通过抑制游离氯向活性较低的氯胺转化，促进了氨和藻毒素在带电Ti/SnO₂-Sb DSA上的活性氯氧化。ISEO增强了藻类细胞的通透性和细胞内有机物的释放。但扫描电子显微镜-能谱分析（SEM-EDS）、共聚焦激光扫描显微镜（CLSM）和生物量分析证明，在EO-EGDCM/MnEO-EGDCM中，通过电刺激改善了膜生物过程（提高了32%至323%），在污染层中形成了多孔结构。根据能耗和碳排放评估，GDCM被确认为处理ABW的节能系统，仅消耗3.47×10⁻³kWh/m³。EGDCM的电力需求增加，但仍远低于其他含藻水处理工艺。与EC-EGDCM/MnEO-EGDCM相比，EC-EGDCM的能耗和碳排放降低了约80%。电功能化是通过多种机制改善GDCM处理ABW的一个有前景的选择，但仍需要进一步优化。
