Impact of metabolism-disrupting chemicals and folic acid supplementation on liver injury and steatosis in mother-child pairs.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Scarce knowledge about the impact of metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs) on steatotic liver disease limits opportunities for intervention. We evaluated pregnancy MDC-mixture associations with liver outcomes, and effect modification by folic acid (FA) supplementation in mother-child pairs.

METHODS

We studied ∼200 mother-child pairs from the Mexican PROGRESS cohort, with 43 MDCs measured during pregnancy (estimated air pollutants, blood/urine metals or metalloids, urine high- and low-molecular-weight phthalate [HMWPs, LMWPs] and organophosphate-pesticide metabolites), and serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST) at ∼9 years post-parturition. Outcomes included elevated liver enzymes in children and established clinical scores for steatosis and fibrosis in mothers (i.e.

, AST: ALT, FLI, HSI, FIB-4). Bayesian-weighted quantile sum regression assessed MDC-mixture associations with liver outcomes. We further examined chemical-chemical interactions and effect modification by self-reported FA supplementation.

RESULTS

In children, many MDC-mixtures were associated with liver injury. Per quartile HMWP-mixture increase, ALT increased by 10.1% (95% CI 1.67%, 19.4%) and AST by 5.27% (95% CI 0.80%, 10.1%). LMWP-mixtures and air pollutant-mixtures were associated with higher AST and ALT, respectively. Air pollutant and non-essential metal/element associations with liver enzymes were attenuated by maternal cobalt blood concentrations (p-interactions <0.05). In mothers, only the LMWP-mixture was associated with odds for steatosis (odds ratio = 1.53, 95% CI 1.01-2.28 for HSI >36, and odds ratio 1.62, 95% CI 1.05-2.49 for AST:ALT <1). In mothers and children, most associations were attenuated (null) at FA supplementation ≥600 μg/day (p-interactions <0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Pregnancy MDC exposures may increase risk of liver injury and steatosis, particularly in children. Adequate FA supplementation and maternal cobalt levels may attenuate these associations.

IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS

The effects of environmental chemical exposures on steatotic liver diseases are not well understood. In a parallel investigation of mothers and children, we found that pregnancy exposures to metabolism-disrupting chemicals may increase the risk of liver injury and steatosis, especially in the child, and that these associations could be attenuated by higher folic acid and/or cobalt levels. These findings can inform policies to decrease environmental chemical pollution and contribute to the design of clinical interventions addressing the metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease epidemic.