Causse Mickaël, Mercier Manuel, Lefrançois Olivier, Matton Nadine
Fédération ENAC ISAE-SUPAERO ONERA, Université de Toulouse, France.
Fédération ENAC ISAE-SUPAERO ONERA, Université de Toulouse, France.
Appl Ergon. 2025 May;125:104456. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104456. Epub 2024 Dec 14.
Cockpit automation has brought significant benefits in terms of mental workload and fatigue. However, the way primary flight instruments are monitored by pilots may be negatively affected by the high confidence in systems. We examined the effects of automation level on mental workload, manual flight performance and visual strategies. Twenty professional pilots performed six landing scenarios at three levels of automation depending on flight director (flight path guidance) and autothrust (automatic management of the speed) engagements. Higher levels of automation increased flight performance and reduced mental workload, but were associated with a decrease in vigilance to primary instruments, particularly flight path indicators and engines' thrust. We also found that gaze entropy was sensitive to pilot role (pilot flying vs pilot monitoring) and automation level. These results confirmed the risks of adverse effects of automation on visual monitoring. Designing procedures for pilots to actively monitor automated cockpit systems should be encouraged.
驾驶舱自动化在心理负荷和疲劳方面带来了显著益处。然而，飞行员对主要飞行仪表的监测方式可能会受到对系统高度信任的负面影响。我们研究了自动化水平对心理负荷、手动飞行性能和视觉策略的影响。二十名专业飞行员根据飞行指引仪（飞行路径引导）和自动推力（速度自动管理）的启用情况，在三种自动化水平下执行了六个着陆场景。更高水平的自动化提高了飞行性能并减少了心理负荷，但与对主要仪表，特别是飞行路径指示器和发动机推力的警觉性降低有关。我们还发现注视熵对飞行员角色（操控飞行员与监控飞行员）和自动化水平敏感。这些结果证实了自动化对视觉监测产生不利影响的风险。应鼓励设计让飞行员积极监测自动化驾驶舱系统的程序。
