Compliance of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Companies to Good Manufacturing Practices in Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning Systems: The Case of Local Ethiopian Firms.

Good manufacturing practice (GMP) is a part of quality management that maintains product quality and manages it according to the criteria of fitness for use. The heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system comprises the equipment, technology, and procedure that ensure product quality through maintaining heat, ventilation, and coolness of pharmaceutical manufacturing firms. The aim of the study was to evaluate the GMP compliance of HVAC systems and assess the opportunities and challenges of improving these systems in pharmaceutical manufacturing companies in Ethiopia. The study was conducted in eight local pharmaceutical manufacturing companies in Ethiopia from April 20 to August 30, 2021, by using a concurrent mixed-method approach to evaluate the implementation of GMP in HVAC systems. The pharmaceutical firms were directly observed by using a structured and standard observational checklist that was adopted from the WHO minimum GMP requirements. In order to understand the challenges and opportunities, face-to-face interviews with key informants using a purposive sampling technique were conducted. The study findings revealed that the local pharmaceutical companies applied for 67.1% of the GMP requirements of the HVAC systems. The GMP implementation status in the basic quality features of HVAC systems of local pharmaceutical companies was 75% on premises, 70.67% in HVAC system design and maintenance practices, 56.25% in product protection, 61.25% in environmental protection, and 75% in cross-contamination prevention. The primary obstacles to implementing GMP in the HVAC systems were a shortage of skilled professionals, HVAC system spare parts, and foreign currency besides poor practice of HVAC system calibration. The study revealed that the local pharmaceutical manufacturing companies did not adhere to GMP standards in HVAC systems.