Connexin 43 hemichannels and related diseases.

Connexin 43 (Cx43) protein forms hemichannels (connexons) and gap junctions, with hemichannels consisting of six Cx43 molecules and gap junctions formed by two hemichannels. While gap junctions are prevalent in organs like the heart and liver, hemichannels are found in specific cell types, such as astrocytes and osteocytes. They allow the passage of small molecules (<1.5 kDa) between the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix. Cx43 hemichannels have emerged as potential therapeutic targets in various diseases, including central nervous system disorders, bone-related diseases, diabetic complications, wound healing, and cancers. Aberrant hemichannel opening can worsen conditions by releasing inflammatory elements, such as causing gliosis in neuronal cells. Conversely, functional hemichannels may inhibit cancer cell growth and metastasis. Recent studies are revealing new mechanisms of Cx43 hemichannels, broadening their therapeutic applications and highlighting the importance of regulating their activity for improved disease outcomes.