Impact of statin therapy on CD40:CD40L signaling: mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities.

Statins are widely utilized to reduce cholesterol levels, particularly in cardiovascular diseases. They interface with cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase enzyme. Besides their primary effect, statins demonstrate anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties in various diseases, highlighting the pleiotropic effect of these drugs. The CD40:CD40L signaling pathway is considered a prominent inflammatory pathway in multiple diseases, including autoimmune, inflammatory, and cardiovascular diseases. The findings from clinical trials and in vitro and in vivo studies suggest the potential anti-inflammatory effect of statins in modulating the CD40 signaling pathway and downstream inflammatory mediator. Accordingly, as its classic ligand, statins can suppress immune responses in autoimmune diseases by inhibiting CD40 expression and blocking its interaction with CD40L. Additionally, statins affect intracellular signaling and inhibit inflammatory mediator secretion in chronic inflammatory diseases like asthma and autoimmune disorders such as myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erymanthus, and cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis. However, it is essential to note that the anti-inflammatory effect of statins may vary depending on the specific type of statin used. In this study, we aim to explore the potential anti-inflammatory effects of statins in treating inflammatory diseases by examining their role in regulating immune responses, particularly their impact on the CD40:CD40L signaling pathway, through a comprehensive review of existing literature.