Navigating Therapeutic Challenges in BRAF-Mutated NSCLC: Non-V600 Mutations, Immunotherapy, and Overcoming Resistance.

Although rare in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), BRAF mutations present considerable therapeutic challenges. While the use of BRAF and MEK inhibitor combinations has significantly improved survival outcomes in patients with BRAF V600E mutations, no targeted therapies are currently available for class II and III mutations, leaving the optimal treatment strategy and prognosis for these patients uncertain. Additionally, despite immunotherapy typically showing limited benefit in patients with other activating genomic alterations, it appears to deliver comparable efficacy in BRAF-mutated NSCLC, emerging as a potentially viable treatment option, particularly in patients with a history of smoking. However, resistance to BRAF pathway inhibitors is inevitable, leading to disease progression, and a well-defined strategy to overcome these resistance mechanisms is lacking. This review aims to explore the critical challenges in the management of BRAF-mutated NSCLC, providing a comprehensive summary of the current evidence and highlighting ongoing clinical trials that aim to address these critical gaps.