Khan Mohammad Iqbal, Abbas Yassir M, Fares Galal
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
Materials (Basel). 2024 Nov 27;17(23):5831. doi: 10.3390/ma17235831.
The formulation of binary, ternary, and quaternary supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on an optimized silica fume amount using fly ash, ultrafine (MQ), and limestone powders (LS) is the most sustainable approach to recycling these types of solid wastes for durable concrete. The optimum replacement level of 10% silica fume was blended with different replacement levels of 5, 8, 10, and 15% MQ to formulate different ternary mixes to evaluate the filling effect of MQ. Different ternary mixes containing 10% silica fume and 5, 10, and 15% LS were also produced to examine the effectiveness of both ternary mixtures with either MQ or LS. The quaternary mixtures with 10% silica fume optimized with 20% fly ash and 10% MQ or 10% LS were evaluated for compressive strength, chloride permeability, and porosity. The MQ showed the best filling effect compared to LS. The hot curing conditions significantly enhanced the performance of ternary and quaternary mixtures. Two effects of fillers were observed: the diluting effect brought on by replacement levels and the enhanced filling effect. At early curing, the strength loss resulting from the high replacement level was around 39%; however, this drop could be minimized to approximately 7% under hot curing conditions. It has been demonstrated that the binary, ternary, and quaternary systems offer the best solution to the environmental and durability issues caused by cement. The economic analysis highlights that optimized HPC mixtures with SCMs and fillers, particularly the quaternary mix, achieve superior cost-efficiency and mechanical performance, demonstrating their potential for sustainable and high-performance engineering applications.
使用粉煤灰、超细粉（MQ）和石灰石粉（LS），在优化硅灰用量的基础上配制二元、三元和四元辅助胶凝材料（SCMs），是将这些类型的固体废物回收用于耐久性混凝土的最可持续方法。将10%硅灰的最佳替代水平与5%、8%、10%和15%不同替代水平的MQ混合，以配制不同的三元混合料，评估MQ的填充效果。还制备了含10%硅灰和5%、10%及15% LS的不同三元混合料，以检验含MQ或LS的两种三元混合料的有效性。对含10%硅灰、20%粉煤灰和10% MQ或10% LS优化后的四元混合料进行抗压强度、氯离子渗透性和孔隙率评估。与LS相比，MQ显示出最佳的填充效果。热养护条件显著提高了三元和四元混合料的性能。观察到填料的两种作用：替代水平带来的稀释作用和增强的填充作用。在早期养护时，高替代水平导致的强度损失约为39%；然而，在热养护条件下，这种强度下降可降至约7%。结果表明，二元、三元和四元体系为水泥引起的环境和耐久性问题提供了最佳解决方案。经济分析突出表明，含SCMs和填料的优化高性能混凝土混合料，特别是四元混合料，具有卓越的成本效益和力学性能，显示出它们在可持续和高性能工程应用中的潜力。
