Jones Abenaa A, Segel Joel E, Skogseth Emma M, Apsley Hannah B, Santos-Lozada Alexis R
Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
Consortium on Substance Use and Addiction, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
Womens Health (Lond). 2024 Jan-Dec;20:17455057241307088. doi: 10.1177/17455057241307088.
The U.S. drug overdose epidemic is increasingly severe and steep increases have been seen among women.
To explore trends in drug overdose deaths among women in the United States by race, ethnicity, and age group.
This study is a retrospective observational study of drug overdose deaths among U.S. women from 1999 to 2021.
We use CDC WONDER Multiple Causes of Death files data using (ICD-10) codes X40-X44, X60-X64, X85, and Y10-Y14 to identify overall drug overdose deaths, T40.5 for cocaine-related deaths, T40.0-T40.4, T40.6 for opioid-related deaths, T42.4 for benzodiazepines, and T43.6 to identify psychostimulants. Race and ethnicity were defined as non-Hispanic Black, White, American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN), Asian, and Hispanic. We calculated overdose death rates per 100,000 women for all overdose deaths and for specific drugs by year, stratified by race and ethnicity.
From 1999 to 2021, overdose deaths among all women in the United States increased by 480%. Overdose deaths rose 750% for non-Hispanic AI/AN women, 490% for non-Hispanic Black women, 450% for non-Hispanic White women, 325% for Hispanic women, and 150% for non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander women. Women ages 35-44 and 45-54 saw the largest increases in overall overdose deaths. Cocaine-related deaths were more prevalent among non-Hispanic Black women, opioid and methamphetamine-related deaths were more prevalent among non-Hispanic AI/AN women, and benzodiazepine-related deaths were more prevalent among non-Hispanic White women.
Increases in overdose deaths were noted in all races, ethnicities, and age groups, with deaths continuing to accelerate in 2021. Our study highlights a need for interventions expanding access to medications for opioid use disorder, naloxone, fentanyl test strips, and contingency management while accounting for gendered roles and vulnerabilities.
美国药物过量流行问题日益严重，女性中的药物过量情况急剧增加。
按种族、族裔和年龄组探讨美国女性药物过量死亡的趋势。
本研究是一项对1999年至2021年美国女性药物过量死亡情况的回顾性观察研究。
我们使用疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）多死因文件数据，通过国际疾病分类第十版（ICD - 10）编码X40 - X44、X60 - X64、X85和Y10 - Y14来确定总体药物过量死亡情况，使用T40.5确定可卡因相关死亡，使用T40.0 - T40.4、T40.6确定阿片类药物相关死亡，使用T42.4确定苯二氮䓬类药物相关死亡，使用T43.6确定精神兴奋剂相关死亡。种族和族裔定义为非西班牙裔黑人、白人、美国印第安人/阿拉斯加原住民（AI/AN）、亚裔和西班牙裔。我们按年份、种族和族裔分层，计算每10万名女性中所有药物过量死亡以及特定药物的过量死亡率。
1999年至2021年，美国所有女性的药物过量死亡人数增加了480%。非西班牙裔AI/AN女性的药物过量死亡人数上升了750%，非西班牙裔黑人女性上升了490%，非西班牙裔白人女性上升了450%，西班牙裔女性上升了325%，非西班牙裔亚裔或太平洋岛民女性上升了150%。35 - 44岁和45 - 54岁的女性总体药物过量死亡人数增加最多。可卡因相关死亡在非西班牙裔黑人女性中更为普遍，阿片类药物和甲基苯丙胺相关死亡在非西班牙裔AI/AN女性中更为普遍，苯二氮䓬类药物相关死亡在非西班牙裔白人女性中更为普遍。
所有种族、族裔和年龄组的药物过量死亡人数均有所增加，2021年死亡人数仍在加速上升。我们的研究强调需要采取干预措施，扩大获得阿片类药物使用障碍治疗药物（如纳洛酮、芬太尼检测试纸）以及应急管理的机会，同时考虑到性别角色和脆弱性。
