Srivastava Shriyansh, Jayaswal Nandani, Kumar Sachin, Rao G S N Koteswara, Budha Roja Rani, Mohanty Aroop, Mehta Rachana, Apostolopoulos Vasso, Sah Sanjit, Bonilla-Aldana D Katterine, Ulloque-Badaracco Ricardo, Rodriguez-Morales Alfonso J
Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India.
Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India.
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2025 Jan;23(1):5-18. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2024.2443920. Epub 2025 Jan 3.
The emergence of the H3N2 influenza virus in 1968 marked a significant event as it crossed the species barrier. This shift led to a pandemic, resulting in the deaths of one million people globally and highlighting the virus's severe impact on older individuals due to antigenic drift.
This review comprehensively examines the virological characteristics, evolutionary trends, and global epidemiology of the Influenza A (H3N2) virus. It delves into vaccination strategies, antiviral interventions, and emerging diagnostic approaches. The impact of antigenic variation on vaccine design and effectiveness, seasonal outbreak patterns, and pandemic potential are explored. Additionally, the interplay between viral factors and host immune responses is assessed. Researchers are actively investigating innovative strategies to enhance vaccine efficacy against H3N2 mutations, such as precise antigenic material administration, controlled release patterns, understanding immune system mechanisms, and glycan engineering.
The ongoing mutational dynamics of the H3N2 virus necessitate regular vaccine updates, as advocated by the WHO. Research in the Western Pacific region underscores the need for heightened awareness and effective control strategies. Evaluating antiviral therapies and addressing drug resistance requires multidisciplinary approaches involving researchers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers. This comprehensive understanding of H3N2 is vital for improving public health interventions and preparing for future influenza challenges.
1968年H3N2流感病毒的出现是一个重大事件，因为它跨越了物种屏障。这种转变导致了一场大流行，全球有100万人死亡，并凸显了由于抗原漂移该病毒对老年人的严重影响。
本综述全面研究了甲型流感（H3N2）病毒的病毒学特征、进化趋势和全球流行病学。深入探讨了疫苗接种策略、抗病毒干预措施和新兴诊断方法。研究了抗原变异对疫苗设计和有效性、季节性爆发模式以及大流行潜力的影响。此外，还评估了病毒因素与宿主免疫反应之间的相互作用。研究人员正在积极研究创新策略，以提高针对H3N2突变疫苗的效力，如精确施用抗原物质、控释模式、了解免疫系统机制和聚糖工程。
正如世界卫生组织所倡导的，H3N2病毒持续的突变动态需要定期更新疫苗。西太平洋地区的研究强调了提高认识和有效控制策略的必要性。评估抗病毒疗法和应对耐药性需要研究人员、医疗保健专业人员和政策制定者的多学科方法。对H3N2的这种全面理解对于改善公共卫生干预措施和应对未来流感挑战至关重要。
